Determining the speed and acceleration of the separator for grass leaf part in horizontal and vertical directions

Vitamin-grass flour is the main component of mixed fodders intended for all types of livestock and poultry. Earlier and currently, the vitamin-grass flour has been prepared from legumes by a high-temperature drying technique. However, existing techniques have high operating costs and require very expensive technical tools. To reduce the specific operating costs and the price of equipment in the production of VGF, a technique has been proposed that involves the main drying of grass to a moisture content of 30‒35 % on a swath while the post-drying of grass is performed in a small-sized channel under the haystack without air heating. Next, the dried mass is pre-crushed. At the same time, the delicate leaf part of the hay, while falling between the side walls of hammers and counter-hammers, is ground and finely crushed, and the stems are processed into large fractions. From pre-crushed hay, the leaf part is separated and fed into the crusher to produce flour. In this case, the main machine that determines the performance of the line is the separator of the leaf part of the grass. The results of the theoretical research have established the speed and acceleration of hay movement on the surface of the sieve. These values determine the productivity of separation of the leaf part from pre-crushed hay and the reliability of the selected structural and technological scheme of the separator. The production tests have confirmed the reliability and economic efficiency of the proposed technique. Comparing the proposed technique for obtaining vitamin-grass flour by existing high-temperature methods has shown that the carotene content in flour was 1.6 times higher while the specific operating costs and equipment price were 6‒7 times lower

Effects of knife-incising and longitudinal kerfing pretreatments on high-temperature drying of red pine and pitch pine timbers

Effects of knife-incising and longitudinal kerfing pretreatments were analyzed relative to the high-temperature drying of red pine and pitch pine timbers with cross-sections less than 15 cm. Specimens were prepared as round and square timbers with thicknesses of 9, 12, and 15 cm. They were divided into four groups: control, longitudinal kerf, knife-incised, and a combination of knife-incised and longitudinal kerf. Some results from this study, such as commercial availability and application methods of drying schedules, have immense commercial importance. The incising and kerfing treatment can be used not only to improve drying quality but also as a tool for deriving an optimal drying schedule. The kerfing treatment noticeably reduced the surface checks in square timber. However, the incising treatment caused a phenomenon in which the incisions connect to each other and develop into surface checks. The wood characteristics, such as species, type, thickness, and initial MC, had more influence on determining the drying defects than the pretreatments. For the commercial use of the drying schedule used in this study, it can be useful to determine the appropriate drying time in the third step according to the species, thickness, and shape.

STUDY ON CONCENTRATIONS OF ACIDS AND ALCOHOLS EMITTED BY PINUS RADIATA DURING HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRYING

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of kiln temperature, relative humidity and wood moisture content on the content of acid and alcohol released in the drying process of high temperature kiln by studying the radiated pine sawn timber of 40mm thickness. The drying temperature was between 101°C and 115°C, the relative humidity in the drying kiln was reduced from 86.1% to 39.6%, the moisture content of the lumber was reduced from 106.16% to 11.98%, and gas extraction was executed nine times with an extraction speed of 1.0 L•min-1 and a sampling time of 30 min. The concentrations of acids and alcohols were analyzed by HPLC. The results showed that the concentrations of formic acid, acetic acid, and methanol emitted in the kiln during drying were 215.6-748.2, 4148.8-16803.2, and 6381.9-15648.9 mg•m-3, respectively, and these concentrations were significantly higher than the relevant standards. The concentrations of the emitted formic acid and acetic acid were proportional to the drying temperature, the concentrations of the emitted formic acid and acetic acid were inversely proportional to the relative humidity in the kiln and the moisture content of the lumber. The concentration of the emitted methanol was independent of the drying temperature, relative humidity in the kiln, and moisture content of the lumber. It is therefore suggested that formic acid, acetic acid, and methanol be separately recovered during the high-temperature drying of Pinus radiata lumber.

Technologies Applied to Wood Heat Treatments, a Review

Heat treatments are carried out on the wood to modify the hygroscopic properties and its dimensional stability. This allows low-grade wood to be used in exposed applications. This document provides a systematized bibliographic review related to the available technologies that allow heat treatment of wood. For this, scientific databases were consulted where previous studies with high temperature drying were found that served as the basis for the development of technologies that are used today. Patent databases were also consulted making the systematic use of the International Patent Classification (IPC) and Cooperative Patent Classification (CPC), the most promising codes were selected according to the histogram analysis. Finally, a marked trend was observed in recent years in the study and development of heat treatments applied to different timber species.

CHANGES IN THE VOLUME AND STRUCTURE OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE GRANULES DURING DRYING

В работе рассмотрены закономерности изменения размеров гранул полиэтилентерефталата во время высокотемпературной сушки с учетом структурных изменений полимера. The paper considers the regularities of changes in the size of polyethylene terephthalate granules during high-temperature drying, taking into account the structural changes of the polymer.

Development of energy-saving methods of waste processing as a tool for transformation of the social and economic systems

The article deals with the problems of preservation of leafy mass of legume family high-protein agricultural crops, the disadvantages of the crop high-temperature drying in fodder production. One presents the results of studying the possibility of reducing the moisture content in plants mechanically, using the resulting waste (press residues) as a raw material for silage preparation applying the energy-saving bioconversion method. The results of developing the method of alfalfa press residues ensilaging with introduction of a mixture of strains of lactic acid bacteria cultures are presented The chemical composition of the vegetable stock and resulting silage was analysed, the feed and caloric values were determined for introduction into animal diets.

ВЗАИМОСВЯЗИ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРОЦЕССОВ ГЛУБОКОЙ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ПТИЧЬЕГО ПОМЕТА

Запевалов М.В., Качурин В.В., Наруков Е.Н. КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА: ПТИЧИЙ ПОМЕТ, ПЕРЕРАБОТКА, ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПРОЦЕССЫ, СВЯЗИ, ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНАЯ СУШКА, ПИРОЛИЗ, ОРГАНОМИНЕРАЛЬНОЕ УДОБРЕНИЕ АННОТАЦИЯ: Разработана схема комплексного технологического процесса глубокой переработки птичьего помета, состоящая из отдельных технологических процессов: предварительного подогрева помета, высокотемпературной сушки, брикетирования, газификации методом пиролиза и приготовления органо-минерального удобрения. На основе данной схемы разработана блок-схема внешних связей процесса глубокой переработки помета, которые представлены как система с детализацией по основным технологическим процессам. При разработке очередного этапа переработки помета учитывается его состояние на предыдущем этапе, то есть производится решение многоэтапной задачи, причем на каждом этапе предусматривается выполнение определенного количества технологических операций для достижения желаемого результата. При этом отдельные операции не рассматриваются вследствие их достаточной изученности и неизменности. Определены основные факторы и разработана операторная схема технологии глубокой переработки помета. INTERRELATIONS OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES WITHIN THE TECHNOLOGY OF DEEP PROCESSING OF POULTRY MANURE ZAPEVALOV M.V.1, KACHURIN V.V.1, NARUKOV E.M.2 1 South Ural State Agrarian University, Chelyabinsk 2 Chelyabinskaya Poultry Farm The technology of deep processing of poultry manure has been developed involving the processes of preliminary heating of the manure, high-temperature drying, briquetting, gasification by pyrolysis, production of an organomineral fertilizer. On the basis of this operational sequence the block-scheme of external interrelations between the detailed processes within the technology was developed. Each following process is designed on the basis of the condition of the manure after previous process; the entire technology is therefore designing as a multi-stage system with definite number of technological operations within each stage to obtain the desirable result. Individual stages are considered well developed and unalterable. The main influencing factors were determined and operational scheme of the technology was developed. Keywords: POULTRY MANURE, PROCESSING, TECHNOLOGICAL PROCESSES, INTERRELATIONS, HIGH-TEMPERATURE DRYING, PYROLYSIS, ORGANO-MINERAL FERTILIZER