Study of the working process of a diesel engine with modified fuel

The research objective is to reduce specific fuel consumption and emissions of exhaust fume pollutants. Specifically treated (modified) fuel is used to comprehensively improve the economic and environmental performance of the diesel operation process. Fuel treatment was carried out at a pilot plant using the process of fuel gas cavitation. During processing, high-molecular fuel compounds were broken down and the fuel was saturated with gas-vapor bubbles. The description of the pilot unit is given. The characteristics of the base distillate and modified fuel are studied. A mathematical model and the numerical study results of the fuel droplet development containing vapor-gas bubbles are presented. An experimental study of the work process in a 10.5/12 H diesel engine single-cylinder compartment when operating on various fuels was carried out. Diesel tests have shown that when using modified fuel, the specific indicative fuel consumption has decreased by 5-7 per g / kWh, the exhaust gas temperature has decreased by 5-8 degrees, the concentration of nitrogen oxides in the exhaust fumes has decreased by 32-46 ppm, the concentration of total hydrocarbons has decreased by 9-14 ppm, the smoke content has decreased by 1.2-1.7 times.

Electricity machinery, renewable energy and green economy

The increase in industrial activities is followed by an increase in complex environmental problems, such as air pollution due to factory exhaust fumes, which are mostly produced in industrial areas such as in Surabaya, Indonesia. Based on data from iqair.com, three industrial areas in Surabaya fall into the category of moderate to unhealthy sensitive groups. The Tandes industrial area is in the unhealthy category for sensitive groups with an AQI index of US 104. Meanwhile, Kertajaya and Benowo are in the moderate category with US AQI indexes of 61 and 86 respectively. It is necessary to implement a green economy program. The existing renewable energy power plants in Indonesia will support the industry to switch to the use of electricity-based machines from renewable energy which will reduce air pollution that causes greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factory environment and application of a green economy through the use of electricity-based machines. Qualitative method is employed in this study. The results showed that the application of electricity-based machines can reduce the level of air pollution in Surabaya and potentially increase renewable energy in Indonesia.

Measurement of rail vehicles exhaust emissions

The exhaust emission standards in force in various parts of the world for off-road vehicles are becoming more and more stringent. Therefore, research on the compounds of harmful exhaust fumes emitted by vehicles of this category is constantly being researched and activities aimed at limiting them are constantly being carried out. The basic problem in terms of measuring exhaust emissions is the approval tests of traction vehicles, which are carried out on engine dynamome-ters. Therefore, it is impossible to obtain reliable results concerning their actual impact on the natural environment. It is therefore advisable to carry out the tests in real operation conditions, as is the case for road vehicles for which RDE (Real Driving Emissions) tests are carried out. The latest Stage V emission standards push for the introduction of this type of test, but no limit values for toxic exhaust gases have been established and no test guidelines have been defined for as-sessing actual emissions. This article describes the issues related to the legislative guidelines for non-road vehicles in force in Europe, as well as the measurement tools used, such as mobile equipment for measuring emissions of PEMS (Portable Emissions Measurement Systems) and newly developed emission gates.

Tin and Antimony As Soil Pollutants Along The Railway Lines

Antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn) in soils along railway lines pose a serious environmental risk. The study, conducted at 60 sites along the 160 km railway line connecting the Croatian capital Zagreb with surrounding smaller settlements and towns, showed pronounced soil Sb and Sn enrichment up to 87 and 33 times the median for European soils, respectively. The total mass fractions of Sb ranged from 0.98 to 52.0 mg/kg and of Sn from 3.04 mg/kg to 97.6 mg/kg. The origin of the enrichment is railway traffic, but precise sources are difficult to define, however available literature points to abrasion from brakes, rails, wheels and overhead wires, exhaust fumes from locomotive engines and cargo waste as predominant sources. The comprehensive data analysis suggested that the Sb and Sn distribution in soils near railway lines was not only conditioned by natural factors such as soil texture, humus content and soil pH, but also by the distance to the tracks, which is not necessarily linear, the site functionality, the topography and the age of the railway line. Observed soil contamination with antimony and tin requires further research to increase knowledge of the impact of railways on Sb and Sn soil content, and to establish safety distances that will ensure the least possible impact of rail traffic on nearby crops and prevent their excessive entry into the food chain.

TRAFFIC CONGESTION LEVEL IN 10 SELECTED CITIES OF POLAND

Transport has a great impact on human activities but contributes to many negative phenomena occurring in road traffic, for example, road traffic accidents, emission of toxic exhaust fumes into the atmosphere and a high share of cars in road traffic. For the above reasons, many initiatives have been taken in the field of road traffic management and urban logistics. Based on a literature review, it was found that the problem of the phenomenon of traffic congestion in urban areas remains an ongoing issue. In the first part of this article, the theoretical issues of traffic flow and congestion formation in the city road networks were presented. While the second part outlines the situation of transport congestion in 10 Polish cities based on the worldwide TomTom Traffic Index in the years 2008-2018. This study is a brief analysis of the trends relating to transport congestion based on the TomTom Traffic Index in these cities.

Anti-Smog Building and Civil Engineering Structures

Currently, people worldwide, in the period from September to April, observe with their own eyes and feel the pollution of the air, called smog, in their own breath. The biggest cause of smog and the source of air pollution is burning rubbish in stoves. Other causes include exhaust fumes from large factories, burning coal in furnaces, and car exhaust fumes. Smog is an unnatural phenomenon, directly related to human activity. The weather is becoming worse. On no-wind, foggy days, the smog phenomenon is the most troublesome for city dwellers. Smog persists in European countries from November to April, during the heating season. The harmful effect of smog affects almost the entire human body. Every year, air pollution causes the death of approximately 26,000–48,000 people. At the same time, poor air quality reduces life expectancy by up to a year. The purpose of this article is to present buildings and finishing elements that can help in the fight against air pollution.

Large Scale PIV for confined fires

Fire safety engineering, including knowledge of fire dynamics and fire-related hazards is crucial for securing people as well as rescue teams during interventions. One of the main critical aspects remains in determining the smoke dynamics at openings where fresh air and hot fumes mix. This particular phenomenon, encountered in many enclosures fires can reveal either well ventilated or under-ventilated fires. The response techniques of rescue teams are different depending on the ventilation status. Merci et al. (2016), Bengtsson et al. (2001) and Pretrel et al. (2012) have studied fire in enclosures that occur in oxygen-limited conditions. Generally, smoke dynamics are studied by using different devices or techniques. These include, among others, Pitot probes and bidirectional probes or McCaffrey probes, McCaffrey and Heskestad (1976). However, these probes are intrusive and potentially affecting the smoke dynamics. Moreover, only one-point data are evaluated. To overcome this difficulty, laser techniques such as PIV can be set up, see Tieszen et al. (2002) , Hou et al. (1996) or Koched et al. (2012). PIV technique has already been used in case of well-ventilated and under-ventilated fires conditions. A natural extension of this technique remains in applying the PIV technique close to the outlet of the container in order to highlight exchanges between hot exhaust fumes and fresh incoming air. The objectives of the paper remain threefold:1. First, we propose a specific design of enclosure fire to ensure large scale PIV measurements inside the enclosure.2. Second, the transition from ventilated to under ventilated fire conditions is evaluated

Introduction and validation of a simplistic method to represent vehicle-induced turbulence in high-resolution large-eddy simulations

<p>Vehicle-induced effects (VIE) and exhaust fumes interacting with turbulent flow has become known to be a critical factor when investigating the wind flow and the transport of pollutants in urban street canyons. Up to now, mainly the Reynolds-Averaged-Navier-Stokes (RANS) technique has been applied for CFD studies of the processes within urban street canyons; research studies using turbulence-resolving Large-Eddy Simulations (LES), however, were rather rare. As LES models explicitly resolve the dominant turbulent motions, whose knowledge is needed to fully understand the processes, the incorporation of moving objects into a turbulence-resolving model is essential for the accurate simulation of pollutant dispersion in urban environments. In this paper we outline our effort to account for VIE in the LES model PALM. For this purpose, an innovative and easy to implement method was realised to represent a common car shape within the environmental LES setup: the so-called <em>air-block method</em>. Its concept is based on an object (representing the vehicle) in which a fixed velocity is prescribed to the objects grid volumes that equals the driving speed of the vehicle. Control of its movement, however, is achieved via a Lagrangian particle located at its center of gravity. This approach is significantly different from conventional consideration of solid objects as obstacles, since the air-block representation assumes that frictional drag is much smaller (and can thus be neglected) than form drag. By the same token the implementation is much easier to achieve in a complex LES model such as PALM.</p><p>In this talk we will outline the newly-developed simplistic method to represent driving vehicles in an LES model and show its performance based on a validation study for the turbulent wake flow and dispersion of exhaust fumes. For this purpose we employ existing wind tunnel data and comparative PALM simulations using the conventional solid-obstacle approach (Carpentieri et al. 2012, Atmospheric Environment, 62:9-25, DOI:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.019; Kastner-Klein et al. 2001, J. Wind Eng Ind Aerodyn, 89:849-861, DOI:10.1016/S0167-6105(01)00074-5). </p>

The Atmospheric Corrosion of Structural Steel after Exposure in the Palm Oil Mill Industry Area of Aceh-Indonesia

The major cause of early failure in the infrastructures of the palm oil industry in Aceh, Indonesia has been discovered to be the corrosion caused by air pollution from exhaust fumes of the factory plants. Therefore, this research was conducted to analyze the effect of the atmospheric corrosion of the structural steel used in the palm oil mill industry. The five types of structural steel used as samples include strip, l-shape, round bar, plate, and SAPH 610 low carbon steel with a carbon content of 0.18%. These specimens were cleansed from dirt, scaled, and rubbed with sandpaper to achieve a grid of 600, later washed with fresh water and rinsed with alcohol, and subsequently exposed to the environment in PT ASN and PT AKTS palm oil mills for 12 months. Moreover, they were placed on a measuring tray for exposure and the corrosion rate was recorded once a month using the mass loss method in line with the ASTM G50. The results showed the steel construction with a round bar shape was more resistant to atmospheric corrosion and the remaining samples were also observed to be safe and relatively resistant based on their classification as being outstanding (< 1 mpy).

Traffic Related Air Pollution Exposure Effect on Circulating White Blood Cell Counts in Healthy Individuals

During this short term study a total of 110 samples were collected from the selected individuals of study area. This study was aimed to count the White blood cells in the blood samples of individuals, who were mostly exposed to exhaust fumes (air pollution), like traffic constables, cooks and shopkeepers. For this purpose blood samples were taken into an evacuee container having anticoagulant Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) so to prevent coagulation of blood, for the count of WBCs, heamocyto-meter was used. During the study the body mass index and blood pressure was also measured by digital blood pressure measuring apparatus. Samples were observed under the microscope. It was found that 15% (13,133±2544.081) sampled individuals had increased WBCs and 85% (7821±1482.76) normal WBCs. In female samples 50% (11900±2151.27) were observed with above range of WBCs and other 50% (8540±844.39) with normal range of WBCs count, non-had WBCs count lower than the normal WBCs. Mostly had normal and few had above the range. One way ANOVA has been used to analyze connection of exposure to air pollution with counts of circulating white blood cells.