scholarly journals Biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere

2010 ◽  
Vol 365 (1558) ◽  
pp. 3645-3653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Womack ◽  
Brendan J. M. Bohannan ◽  
Jessica L. Green
Keyword(s):  
Aquatic Systems ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Biodiversity Patterns ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Rich History

The variation of life has predominantly been studied on land and in water, but this focus is changing. There is a resurging interest in the distribution of life in the atmosphere and the processes that underlie patterns in this distribution. Here, we review our current state of knowledge about the biodiversity and biogeography of the atmosphere, with an emphasis on micro-organisms, the numerically dominant forms of aerial life. We present evidence to suggest that the atmosphere is a habitat for micro-organisms, and not purely a conduit for terrestrial and aquatic life. Building on a rich history of research in terrestrial and aquatic systems, we explore biodiversity patterns that are likely to play an important role in the emerging field of air biogeography. We discuss the possibility of a more unified understanding of the biosphere, one that links knowledge about biodiversity and biogeography in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere.

scholarly journals The role of the emotions of guilt and shame in methodology of research on social emotions

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Alexandra Shiller
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodology Of Science

This article is dedicated to examination of the role of guilt and shame, namely to prevalence one of these emotions in a particular culture as the leading mechanism of social control. The prevalence of guilt or shame as a cultural “dimension” has become one of the first criteria for the division of cultures into Western and Eastern, and was used by the researchers as a basic postulate for cross-cultural r. Over time, the perception of emotions as the criterion for the division of cultures has been revised. The article traces the history of research on emotions in general, namely the emotions of guilt and shame as social emotions, as well as describes guilt and shame as collective and individual experiences. Analysis is conducted on the role of guilt and shame in methodology of research on social emotions, cross-cultural studies. The author outlines certain methodological problems and contradictions, and assesses the current state of scientific research dedicated to social emotions. The conclusion is made that the research on collective sense of guilt and shame is more advanced from the perspective of cross-cultural psychology and philosophy, as well as the overall methodology of science; it allows shifting from the study of the role of individual emotions in interpersonal (conditioned by collective ties), intergroup and intragroup communication towards the integrated study of emotions associated with interaction of the individual and society, i.e. social experiences.

Looking backwards to look forwards: the role of natural history in temperate reef ecology

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Hawkins ◽  
N. Mieszkowska ◽  
L. B. Firth ◽  
K. Bohn ◽  
M. T. Burrows ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural History ◽  
Evolutionary Biology ◽  
Temperate Reef ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Temperate Reefs ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Rich History

Temperate reefs are superb tractable systems for testing hypotheses in ecology and evolutionary biology. Accordingly there is a rich history of research stretching back over 100 years, which has made major contributions to general ecological and evolutionary theory as well as providing better understanding of how littoral systems work by linking pattern with process. A brief resumé of the history of temperate reef ecology is provided to celebrate this rich heritage. As a community, temperate reef ecologists generally do well designed experiments and test well formulated hypotheses. Increasingly large datasets are being collected, collated and subjected to complex meta-analyses and used for modelling. These datasets do not happen spontaneously – the burgeoning subject of macroecology is possible only because of the efforts of dedicated natural historians whether it be observing birds, butterflies, or barnacles. High-quality natural history and old-fashioned field craft enable surveys or experiments to be stratified (i.e. replicates are replicates and not a random bit of rock) and lead to the generation of more insightful hypotheses. Modern molecular approaches have led to the discovery of cryptic species and provided phylogeographical insights, but natural history is still required to identify species in the field. We advocate a blend of modern approaches with old school skills and a fondness for temperate reefs in all their splendour.

scholarly journals Why the term "professional language" can confuse the reader?

2021 ◽  
pp. 75-94
Author(s):  
Lesław Cirko
Keyword(s):  
Professional Communication ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Ethnic Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
General Linguistics

The article warns readers interested in the specialised communication against an uncritical adoption of the term professional language, which is often used in the extensive literature on the subject without care for terminological precision. The lack of awareness of the meaning of the term professional language leads to negative consequences in linguistic argumentation, such as the neglect of the current state of research in general linguistics, the contamination of the scientific term by its naive understanding in everyday communication between laypersons, or the identification of language and its use, which is a serious methodological deficiency. The reader of the specialised literature might therefore, without sufficient linguistic knowledge, mistakenly take the contents presented in the reading as self-evident and corresponding to the current state of knowledge. In the first part of the article, the aforementioned sources of interpretative dangers in reading are pointed out, using the history of research as an example. Subsequently, the reader is offered some constant points of reference fur further interpretation, which allow to recognise a stylistic-functional variety of ethnic language in the concept of professional language, including phenomena that go beyond the reduction of professional language to mere terminology. The author also pointed out the forms of acquisition and existence of the so-called professional languages, as well as the distributional features that distinguish them from other functional-stylistic varieties of the ethnic language. In conclusion, their peculiarity was highlighted, arising from the need for precise naming of phenomena and processes in the field of human activity, which is concluded by the specificity of the field; from the fact that people in the said field communicate at the expert level, and the related need for such a selection of linguistic means from the ethnic language in which communication takes place that its users communicate efficiently in the field of professional communication. The knowledge of these conditions will enable the reader to approach the relationship between language and the so-called professional language with greater understanding.

scholarly journals Quantifying the dynamics of nearly 100 years of dominance hierarchy research

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Hobson
Keyword(s):  
Dominance Hierarchy ◽  
General View ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Community Boundaries ◽  
History Of ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
High Level ◽  
Insight Into

Dominance hierarchies have been studied for almost 100 years. The science of science approach used here provides high-level insight into how the dynamics of dominance hierarchy research have shifted over this long timescale. To summarize these patterns, I extracted publication metadata using a Google Scholar search for the phrase ‘dominance hierarchy’, resulting in over 26 000 publications. I used text mining approaches to assess patterns in three areas: (1) general patterns in publication frequency and rate, (2) dynamics of term usage and (3) term co-occurrence in publications across the history of the field. While the overall number of publications per decade continues to rise, the percent growth rate has fallen in recent years, demonstrating that although there is sustained interest in dominance hierarchies, the field is no longer experiencing the explosive growth it showed in earlier decades. Results from title term co-occurrence networks and community structure show that the different subfields of dominance hierarchy research were most strongly separated early in the field’s history while modern research shows more evidence for cohesion and a lack of distinct term community boundaries. These methods provide a general view of the history of research on dominance hierarchies and can be applied to other fields or search terms to gain broad synthetic insight into patterns of interest, especially in fields with large bodies of literature. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

scholarly journals RUSSIAN ARCHEOLOGY OF THE KUZNETSK TOM’ RIVER VALLEY: HISTORY OF RESEARCH, CURRENT CONDITION AND PROSPECTS

2018 ◽  
pp. 90-98
Author(s):  
A. S. Sizyov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Field Research ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Qualitative Aspect ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Excavation Work ◽  
Three Stages

The current paper features the research history of the Russian period archeological sites (fortified and unfortified settlements, cemeteries) on the territory of the Kuznetsk Tom’ River valley from the second quarter of XX century to the present day. Three stages of this process, which demonstrate the trend of increasing scale of Russian archeology in Western Siberia, were distinguished. The article analyzes the qualitative aspect of the research on the Russian period archeological sites. The analysis was performed on the basis of object dependency, studied by split-level methods of field archeology (reconnaissance and excavation) and type of publication (descriptive and analytical). A mapping of the Russian time archeological sites was conducted. It highlights some irregularities in their studies in the Kuznetsk Tom’ River Valley. The article points out some directions for further field research, among which: a search for new Russian settlements of XVII–XIX centuries at the estuaries of the tributaries of the Tom’ river near old stockade towns; excavation work at previously discovered old Russian villages and cemeteries and the assessment of their current state.

scholarly journals Once again: Investigating the identity of the three figures mentioned in Malachi 3:1

2006 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 1031-1044
Author(s):  
S D Snyman
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The One

The identity of the three figures mentioned in Malachi 3:1 remains an intriguing question for scholars. In this article an overview of the current state of research on this problem is given highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of the different solutions while yet another proposal is made adding some new arguments to existing answers. An overview on the history of research done on this problem can be categorised into three groups: the three figures refer to three different personalities or they all refer to the same person or they refer to two different persons. The conclusion reached is that the three figures mentioned are references to two persons, the one human and the other divine.  The messenger  is identified as the prophet Malachi. 

Incorporating Job Demand Variability Into Job Demands Theory: A Meta-Analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 014920632091676
Author(s):  
Patrick E. Downes ◽  
Cody J. Reeves ◽  
Brian W. McCormick ◽  
Wendy R. Boswell ◽  
Marcus M. Butts
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Job Demands ◽  
Job Demand ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Arousal Theory ◽  
History Of ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Demand Variability ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Rich History

A rich history of research on job demands suggests that employees’ demands at work are related to their strain and engagement. This research often considers job demands to be fixed and stable over the course of workers’ experiences, despite the existing research showing that some employees experience high levels of job demands one day and low levels the next. We seek to extend research on job demands by introducing the idea that different employees experience different levels of job demand variability (i.e., variability in job demands over workers’ daily experiences). Relying on arousal theory, we posit that job demand variability moderates the between-person effects of overall job demand levels on employee strain and engagement. To test our theory, we conduct a meta-analytic path analysis of the existing experience sampling methodology research on challenge and hindrance job demands. Results show that the between-person effects of challenge (on strain and engagement) and hindrance demands (on engagement only) are stronger in studies where those demands have higher levels of daily within-person variability. Unexpectedly, the relationship between hindrance demands and strain was similarly strong across lower and higher degrees of variability. Our study suggests a need for more nuanced theory that explains how job demand variability plays a role in employee outcomes. Further, we conducted a simulation study to validate our methodology, offering utility to the broader management literature applying meta-analysis to study within-person variability. We discuss theoretical and practical implications as well as several directions for theory in this new line of reasoning.

scholarly journals Knowledge or Abilities? How Undergraduates Define Intelligence

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. ar5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa B. Limeri ◽  
Jun Choe ◽  
Hannah G. Harper ◽  
Hannah R. Martin ◽  
Annaleigh Benton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Error ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Academic Outcomes ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
History Of ◽  
Meta Analyses

Whether students view intelligence as a fixed or malleable trait (i.e., their “mindset”) has significant implications for their responses to failure and academic outcomes. Despite a long history of research on mindset and its growing popularity, recent meta-analyses suggest that mindset does a poor job of predicting academic outcomes for undergraduate populations. Here, we present evidence that these mixed results could be due to ambiguous language on the mindset scale. Specifically, the term “intelligence” is a referent in every item of the mindset scale but is never defined, which could result in differing interpretations and measurement error. Therefore, we conducted an exploratory, qualitative study to characterize how undergraduate students define intelligence and how their definitions may influence how they respond to the mindset scale. We uncovered two distinct ways that undergraduates define intelligence: knowledge and abilities (e.g., ability to learn, solve problems). Additionally, we found that students’ definitions of intelligence can vary across contexts. Finally, we present evidence that students who define intelligence differently also interpret and respond to the items on the mindset scale differently. We discuss implications of these results for the use and interpretation of the mindset scale with undergraduate students.

Behavior of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba): schooling, foraging, and antipredatory behavior

2000 ◽  
Vol 57 (S3) ◽  
pp. 192-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M Hamner ◽  
Peggy P Hamner
Keyword(s):  
Antarctic Krill ◽  
Antipredator Behavior ◽  
Euphausia Superba ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Behavioral Transition ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Antarctic Krill Euphausia Superba

Aspects of the behavior of pelagic euphausiids are reviewed, emphasizing the behavioral biology of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba). Euphausia superba makes an abrupt behavioral transition after the last larval molt from an individualistic, planktonic lifestyle to that of a highly social, nektonic juvenile. Then and throughout the rest of its life, most aspects of krill behavior are expressed within the context of highly organized, polarized schools. A krill school is an integrated whole that displays properties greater than the sum of its parts. Emergent attributes of the aggregate evolve in response to a suite of positive and negative selective factors that act on entire schools as well as individuals. We evaluate the individual advantages and disadvantages of living within large schools of conspecific euphausiids primarily for foraging, antipredator behavior, and epidemiology. We review the history of research on krill behavior, comment on the current state of knowledge, and suggest new avenues for future investigations.

scholarly journals CONSIDERATIONS ON THE CURRENT STATE OF ART AND PRIORITIES IN THE STUDY OF THE CHIŞINĂU—CORLĂTENI CULTURE OF THE CARPATHIAN-DNIESTER AREA (the 12th—10th Centuries BC)

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 458-468
Author(s):  
O. G. Levitski ◽  
L. V. Sîrbu
Keyword(s):  
Final Part ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
Local Variant ◽  
Culture Bearers ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Of Art ◽  
Hallstatt Period

The study gives a brief presentation of the history of research of grooved Hallstatt culture of the Carpathian-Dniester area represented by a local variant called Chişinău—Corlăteni, and the current state of art of knowledge of the main cultural. A special attention is paid to the achievements in studying of general issues of the Early Hallstatt period in the Carpathian-Dniester region. The final part of the study proposes more specified directions of research in the present domain taking in consideration the actual debated questions on Chişinău—Corlăteni culture, among which problems of genesis, evolution, and historical destiny of the culture bearers could be mentioned.

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