scholarly journals Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony R. Isles ◽  
Catharine A. Winstanley ◽  
Trevor Humby
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives

Our willingness to take risks, our ability to wait or the speed with which to make decisions are central features of our personality. However, it is now recognized that impulsive and risk-taking behaviours are not a unitary construct, and different aspects can be both psychologically and neurally dissociated. The range of neurochemicals and brain systems that govern these behaviours is extensive, and this may be a contributing factor to the phenotypic range seen in the human population. However, this variety can also be pathological as extremes in risk-taking and impulsive behaviours are characteristics of many neuropsychiatric and indeed neurodegenerative disorders. This spans obsessive–compulsive disorder, where behaviour becomes ridged and non-spontaneous, to the nonsensical risk-taking seen in gambling and drug taking. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications'.

scholarly journals Conquering the inner couch potato: precommitment is an effective strategy to enhance motivation for effortful actions

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bettina Studer ◽  
Carolin Koch ◽  
Stefan Knecht ◽  
Tobias Kalenscher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Small Reward ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Choice Behaviour ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Regulatory Measure

Letting effort-free gratification derail us from effort-requiring goals is one reason why we fail to realize health-relevant intentions like ‘exercise regularly’. We tested the effectiveness of the self-control strategy precommitment in such effort-related conflicts, using a novel laboratory choice paradigm, where participants could precommit to an effort-requiring large reward by pre-eliminating an effort-free small reward from their choice set. Our participants used precommitment frequently and effectively, such that they reached effort-requiring large rewards more often. Using computational modelling and Bayesian model comparisons, we assessed whether participants employed precommitment to avoid anticipated willpower failures (i.e. as a self-regulatory measure) or to maximize their motivation to choose the effort-requiring option (i.e. as a self-motivational measure). Observed choices and precommitment decisions were consistent with the motivation maximization hypothesis, but not the willpower hypothesis. Our findings show that offering precommitment is effective in helping individuals optimize their motivation and choice behaviour and thereby achieve effort-requiring goals, and strongly encourage application of precommitment schemes in exercise and rehabilitation interventions. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

scholarly journals Computational psychiatry of impulsivity and risk: how risk and time preferences interact in health and disease

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Lopez-Guzman ◽  
Anna B. Konova ◽  
Paul W. Glimcher
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Temporal Discounting ◽  
Time Preferences ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Mathematical Relationship ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Subjective Value ◽  
Health And Disease

Choice impulsivity is an important subcomponent of the broader construct of impulsivity and is a key feature of many psychiatric disorders. Choice impulsivity is typically quantified as temporal discounting , a well-documented phenomenon in which a reward's subjective value diminishes as the delay to its delivery is increased. However, an individual's proclivity to—or more commonly aversion to— risk can influence nearly all of the standard experimental tools available for measuring temporal discounting. Despite this interaction, risk preference is a behaviourally and neurobiologically distinct construct that relates to the economic notion of utility or subjective value. In this opinion piece, we discuss the mathematical relationship between risk preferences and time preferences, their neural implementation, and propose ways that research in psychiatry could, and perhaps should, aim to account for this relationship experimentally to better understand choice impulsivity and its clinical implications. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

scholarly journals Autogenous and Reactive Obsessions in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Keyness and Collocation Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Kim
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Subjective Experiences ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Research Recommendations

This study explored the subjective experiences of individuals with autogenousand reactive forms of obsessions in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Past studieshave found greater levels of shame, stigma, and concealment for thoseexperiencing lesser-known forms of OCD, particularly those that deal with sexualthemes. This study looked at what words most differentiated (i.e, keynessanalysis) these subtypes. In addition, the word networks (i.e., collocates) of thewords that most differentiated the subtypes were examined. The keywords“sexual” and “POCD” had the strongest keyness in the autogenous corpus.Contamination and checking had the strongest keyness in the reactive corpus.The collocates of the node words in the autogenous corpus show a focus on theintrusive thoughts themselves, whereas the collocates in the reactive corpus focuson performing compulsions such as checking. Limitations, clinical implications,and future research recommendations are discussed.

Fusion or Confusion in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2003 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kieron O'Connor ◽  
Frederick Aardema
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Beliefs ◽  
Inferential Confusion ◽  
Recurrent Nature ◽  
As If

Inferential confusion occurs when a person mistakes an imagined possibility for a real probability and might account for some types of thought-action and other fusions reported in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Inferential confusion could account for the ego-dystonic nature of obsessions and their recurrent nature, since the person acts “as if” an imagined aversive inference is probable and tries unsuccessfully to modify this imaginary probability in reality. The clinical implications of the inferential confusion model focus primarily on the role of the imagination in obsessive-compulsive disorder rather than on cognitive beliefs.

scholarly journals Interactions of immediate and long-term action regulation in the course and complications of bipolar disorder

2018 ◽  
Vol 374 (1766) ◽  
pp. 20180132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marijn Lijffijt ◽  
Brittany O'Brien ◽  
Ramiro Salas ◽  
Sanjay J. Mathew ◽  
Alan C. Swann
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Behavioural Disorders ◽  
Theme Issue ◽  
Impulsive Behaviour ◽  
Behavioural Sensitization ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Clinical Consequences

Immediate and long-term mechanisms interact in the regulation of action. We will examine neurobiology and practical clinical consequences of these interactions. Long-term regulation of immediate behavioural control is based on analogous responses to highly rewarding or stressful stimuli: (i) impulsivity is a failure of the balance between activation and inhibition in the immediate regulation of action. (ii) Sensitization is a persistently exaggerated behavioural or physiological response to highly salient stimuli, such as addictive stimuli or inescapable stress. Sensitization can generalize across classes of stimuli. (iii) Impulsivity, possibly related to poor modulation of catecholaminergic and glutamatergic functions, may facilitate development of long-term sensitized responses to stressful or addictive stimuli. In turn, impulsivity is prominent in sensitized behaviour. (iv) While impulsivity and sensitization are general components of behaviour, their interactions are prominent in the course of bipolar disorder, emphasizing roles of substance-use, recurrent course and stressors. (v) Suicide is a complex and severe behaviour that exemplifies the manner in which impulsivity facilitates behavioural sensitization and is, in turn, increased by it, leading to inherently unpredictable behaviour. (vi) Interactions between impulsivity and sensitization can provide targets for complementary preventive and treatment strategies for severe immediate and long-term behavioural disorders. Progress along these lines will be facilitated by predictors of susceptibility to behavioural sensitization. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Risk taking and impulsive behaviour: fundamental discoveries, theoretical perspectives and clinical implications’.

scholarly journals Use of specialist services for obsessive–compulsive and body dysmorphic disorders across England

2013 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynne M. Drummond ◽  
Naomi A. Fineberg ◽  
Isobel Heyman ◽  
David Veale ◽  
Edmond Jessop
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorder ◽  
Discussion Forum ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
Body Dysmorphic Disorders ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Specialist Services

Aims and methodIn April 2007, the National Specialist Commissioning Team of the Department of Health commissioned a group of services to provide treatment to patients with the most severe and profound obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). We decided to examine the usage of these services across England 4–5 years after the start of the new funding arrangements. This survey used data about patients treated in the financial year 2011–2012.ResultsDespite the services offering intensive home-based as well as residential and in-patient services, there was a greater proportion of referrals from London, the South East of England and counties closer to London.Clinical implicationsIt is important that all patients, regardless of where they live, have access to highly specialist services for OCD and BDD. We discuss potential ways of improving this access but we hope this paper will act as a discussion forum whereby we can receive feedback from others.

What is the relevance of Boyer & Lienard's model for psychosocial treatments?

2006 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 620-621
Author(s):  
Jonathan D. Huppert ◽  
Shawn P. Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Experience ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Psychosocial Treatments ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Differences Of Opinion

Boyer & Lienard's (B&L's) model of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) rituals does not completely conform to our clinical experience with patients, and the clinical implications of their model is not described by the authors. We discuss potential differences of opinion regarding both the nature of OCD and the mechanisms involved in the maintenance of symptoms, and how emotional processing theories can account for treatment effects.

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