scholarly journals Measuring dominance certainty and assessing its impact on individual and societal health in a nonhuman primate model: a network approach

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda McCowan ◽  
Jessica Vandeleest ◽  
Krishna Balasubramaniam ◽  
Fushing Hsieh ◽  
Amy Nathman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rank Order ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Primate Model ◽  
Current State ◽  
Species Groups ◽  
Societal Health ◽  
Breeding Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Indirect Information

The notion of dominance is ubiquitous across the animal kingdom, wherein some species/groups such relationships are strictly hierarchical and others are not. Modern approaches for measuring dominance have emerged in recent years taking advantage of increased computational power. One such technique, named Percolation and Conductance (Perc), uses both direct and indirect information about the flow of dominance relationships to generate hierarchical rank order that makes no assumptions about the linearity of these relationships. It also provides a new metric, known as ‘dominance certainty’, which is a complimentary measure to dominance rank that assesses the degree of ambiguity of rank relationships at the individual, dyadic and group levels. In this focused review, we will (i) describe how Perc measures dominance rank while accounting for both nonlinear hierarchical structure as well as sparsity in data—here we also provide a metric of dominance certainty estimated by Perc, which can be used to compliment the information dominance rank supplies; (ii) summarize a series of studies by our research team reflecting the importance of ‘dominance certainty’ on individual and societal health in large captive rhesus macaque breeding groups; and (iii) provide some concluding remarks and suggestions for future directions for dominance hierarchy research. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

Predicting Psycho-educational Problems in Childhood

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard S. Adelman
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Health Maintenance ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Assessment Procedures ◽  
Mass Identification ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

Presented are (1) a brief synthesis of several key conceptual and methodological concerns and some ethical perspectives related to identification of psycho-educational problems and (2) conclusions regarding the current state of the art. The conceptual discussion focuses on differentiating prediction from identification and screening from diagnosis; three models used in developing assessment procedures also are presented. Methodologically, the minimal requirements for satisfactory research are described and current problems are highlighted. Three ethical perspectives are discussed; cost-benefit for the individual, models-motives-goals underlying practices, and cost-benefit for the culture. The current state of the art is seen as not supporting the efficacy of the widespread use of currently available procedures for mass screening. Given this point and the methodological and ethical concerns discussed, it is suggested that policy makers reallocate limited resources away from mass identification and toward health maintenance and other approaches to prevention and early-age intervention.

scholarly journals The space "in-between": the relationship order-chaos and the creativity of senior students of Architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-122
Author(s):  
Natalya Souza
Keyword(s):  
Rio Grande ◽  
Organizational Environments ◽  
Edge Of Chaos ◽  
Order And Disorder ◽  
Current State ◽  
Adaptive Solutions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Senior Students ◽  
Creative Environment

The edge of chaos has been constantly viewed as a metaphor for the current state our world: a constant coexistence of order and disorder. [...] Several authors working within education and organizational environments have highlighted that creators must perform at the ‘edge of chaos’ in order to produce creative and adaptive solutions. [...] This paper aims to discuss the dichotomy between order and disorder in the creative environment (socio- physics aspects) of architecture students from the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. Particularly, this paper focuses on students who are working on their Final Graduation Work (FGW), because, unlike other tasks, this activity is completed away from the classroom, in a space 'in-between' – in-betweenwork and home spaces, in-between the collective and the individual, in-between order and chaos.

scholarly journals Improving Human Rights Protection on the national and the European Level

2015 ◽  
pp. 36-51
Author(s):  
RUDOLF DUR SCHNUTZ
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
National Level ◽  
European Level ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Current State ◽  
European Court ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Venice Commission ◽  
Effective Remedy ◽  
The Individual

The recent move towards the individual access to constitutional justice is a progress for protection of human rights in Europe. The explicit purpose of these efforts is to settle human rights issues on the national level and to reduce the number of cases at the Strasbourg Court. Such individual complaints have to be designed in a way that makes them an effective remedy which has to be exhausted before a case can be brought before the European Court of Human Rights. This paper points out the current state of these improvements on the national level in a difficult context on the European level and the recommendations of the Venice Commission in this regard.

scholarly journals Student Feedback on Teaching in Schools: Current State of Research and Future Perspectives

2021 ◽  
pp. 259-271
Author(s):  
Wolfram Rollett ◽  
Hannah Bijlsma ◽  
Sebastian Röhl
Keyword(s):  
Student Perceptions ◽  
Teaching Quality ◽  
Student Feedback ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Current State ◽  
Feedback Culture ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
The Individual ◽  
High Level

AbstractThe aim of this volume was to give a comprehensive overview of the current state of the research on student perceptions of and student feedback on teaching. This chapter provides a resume of the important theoretical considerations and empirical evidence the authors contributed to this volume. First, evidence concerning the validity of student perceptions of teaching quality is discussed, highlighting the quality of the questionnaires used and accompanying materials provided by their authors. In the next step, empirical findings are summarized on student and teacher characteristics that can influence important processes within the feedback cycle. Subsequently, it is emphasized that the effectiveness of student feedback on teaching is significantly related to the nature of the individual school’s feedback culture. Furthermore, it is argued that the efficacy of student feedback depends on whether teachers are provided with a high level of support, when making use of the feedback information to improve their teaching practices. As the literature review impressively documents‚ teachers, teaching, and ultimately students can benefit substantially from student feedback on teaching in schools.

scholarly journals The role of the emotions of guilt and shame in methodology of research on social emotions

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-25
Author(s):  
Alexandra Shiller
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Psychology ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Social Emotions ◽  
History Of Research ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Methodology Of Science

This article is dedicated to examination of the role of guilt and shame, namely to prevalence one of these emotions in a particular culture as the leading mechanism of social control. The prevalence of guilt or shame as a cultural “dimension” has become one of the first criteria for the division of cultures into Western and Eastern, and was used by the researchers as a basic postulate for cross-cultural r. Over time, the perception of emotions as the criterion for the division of cultures has been revised. The article traces the history of research on emotions in general, namely the emotions of guilt and shame as social emotions, as well as describes guilt and shame as collective and individual experiences. Analysis is conducted on the role of guilt and shame in methodology of research on social emotions, cross-cultural studies. The author outlines certain methodological problems and contradictions, and assesses the current state of scientific research dedicated to social emotions. The conclusion is made that the research on collective sense of guilt and shame is more advanced from the perspective of cross-cultural psychology and philosophy, as well as the overall methodology of science; it allows shifting from the study of the role of individual emotions in interpersonal (conditioned by collective ties), intergroup and intragroup communication towards the integrated study of emotions associated with interaction of the individual and society, i.e. social experiences.

scholarly journals Web Application for Emotion-based Music Player

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 11-14
Author(s):  
Kamal Naina Soni
Keyword(s):  
Computer Vision ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Facial Expressions ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Emotional State ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Face ◽  
Current Mood ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Music Player

Abstract: Human expressions play an important role in the extraction of an individual's emotional state. It helps in determining the current state and mood of an individual, extracting and understanding the emotion that an individual has based on various features of the face such as eyes, cheeks, forehead, or even through the curve of the smile. A survey confirmed that people use Music as a form of expression. They often relate to a particular piece of music according to their emotions. Considering these aspects of how music impacts a part of the human brain and body, our project will deal with extracting the user’s facial expressions and features to determine the current mood of the user. Once the emotion is detected, a playlist of songs suitable to the mood of the user will be presented to the user. This can be a big help to alleviate the mood or simply calm the individual and can also get quicker song according to the mood, saving time from looking up different songs and parallel developing a software that can be used anywhere with the help of providing the functionality of playing music according to the emotion detected. Keywords: Music, Emotion recognition, Categorization, Recommendations, Computer vision, Camera

Global rates and patterns of channel migration in river deltas

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (46) ◽  
pp. e2103178118
Author(s):  
Teresa Jarriel ◽  
John Swartz ◽  
Paola Passalacqua
Keyword(s):  
Global Scale ◽  
Sediment Flux ◽  
Channel Migration ◽  
Channel Networks ◽  
River Deltas ◽  
Current State ◽  
External Forcings ◽  
Ubiquitous Systems ◽  
Decadal Scale ◽  
The Individual

River deltas are dynamic systems whose channels can widen, narrow, migrate, avulse, and bifurcate to form new channel networks through time. With hundreds of millions of people living on these globally ubiquitous systems, it is critically important to understand and predict how delta channel networks will evolve over time. Although much work has been done to understand drivers of channel migration on the individual channel scale, a global-scale analysis of the current state of delta morphological change has not been attempted. In this study, we present a methodology for the automatic extraction of channel migration vectors from remotely sensed imagery by combining deep learning and principles from particle image velocimetry (PIV). This methodology is implemented on 48 river delta systems to create a global dataset of decadal-scale delta channel migration. By comparing delta channel migration distributions with a variety of known external forcings, we find that global patterns of channel migration can largely be reconciled with the level of fluvial forcing acting on the delta, sediment flux magnitude, and frequency of flood events. An understanding of modern rates and patterns of channel migration in river deltas is critical for successfully predicting future changes to delta systems and for informing decision makers striving for deltaic resilience.

Emergence of size-structured dominance hierarchies through size-dependent feedback

2022 ◽  
Vol 377 (1845) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian M. Hamilton ◽  
Macie D. Benincasa
Keyword(s):  
Size Structure ◽  
Dynamic Game ◽  
Optimal Investment ◽  
Growth Suppression ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Size Dependent ◽  
Current State ◽  
Dominance Structure ◽  
Competition For Food

Size-based dominance hierarchies influence fitness, group size and population dynamics and link dominance structure to evolutionary and ecological outcomes. While larger individuals often gain dominance, social status may influence growth and size in return, resulting in feedbacks among status, growth and size. Here, we present two models evaluating how these feedbacks influence the emergence of size structure in a dominance hierarchy. In the first, size influences competition for food and investment in suppressing growth of groupmates. Stable size differences emerged when suppression was greatest for similarly sized individuals and size had little effect on competition for food. The model predicted size divergence when size strongly affected competition for food. In the second model, we used a dynamic game to solve for optimal investment in growth suppression as a function of size structure. Investment in growth suppression was favoured only when dominants and subordinates were similar in size, generating size ratios different than those expected by chance. Variation in the feedbacks among growth, size and status can explain variation in emergent size structure of dominance hierarchies and its consequences for conflict within groups. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies’.

Cortisol responsiveness and dominance rank, but not baseline cortisol level, are repeatable traits in adult female guinea pigs

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Lynne Rystrom ◽  
Romy C. Prawitt ◽  
S. Helene Richter ◽  
Norbert Sachser ◽  
Sylvia Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Adult Female ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Dominance Rank ◽  
Dominance Hierarchies ◽  
Current State ◽  
Baseline Cortisol ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Endocrine Mechanism ◽  
Males And Females

Social interactions among group members often lead to the formation of stable dominance hierarchies. Glucocorticoids (i.e. cortisol) have been proposed as an endocrine mechanism underlying social behavior, and previous studies have linked baseline as well as challenge glucocorticoid concentrations to dominance rank. Since the importance of rank on fitness differs between males and females, selection pressures acting on the underlying endocrine mechanisms may differ between the sexes. In male guinea pigs, for example, it is known that cortisol responsiveness mediates social behavior and that dominance rank and cortisol responsiveness are stable within individuals over time. It is unclear whether this is also the case for female guinea pigs. Thus the aim of this study was to investigate whether cortisol concentrations are repeatable in female guinea pigs and whether female rank is correlated to baseline cortisol concentrations or cortisol responsiveness. We show that cortisol responsiveness and dominance rank were significantly repeatable but not correlated in female guinea pigs. Furthermore, baseline cortisol was not repeatable and also did not correlate to dominance rank. Our results demonstrate that baseline cortisol and cortisol responsiveness represent different biological processes; cortisol responsiveness reflects a stable trait while baseline cortisol likely fluctuates with current state. Furthermore, cortisol responsiveness as a mediator of aggressive behavior and dominance acquisition might not be important for maintaining dominance hierarchies in stable groups of females displaying minimal aggression. Overall, this study reveals the remarkable stability of cortisol responsiveness and dominance rank in an adult female rodent and lays the groundwork for future investigations into the causes and consequences of this individual variation.

The Peasant and the Mingong: From Empathy to Sympathy to Looking Back

2018 ◽  
pp. 48-83
Author(s):  
Corey Kai Nelson Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Current State ◽  
Structures Of Feeling ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Looking Back

Chapter 2 examines the representation of the figure of the peasant and its contemporary incarnation as migrant workers (mingong). It analyzes the structures of feeling of empathy and hope that concretize around the mingong figure in these films, but also explores the sense of precariousness related to this figure in the more recent films, and how the figure has been made subaltern, wretched, and rootless. It examines two cinematic forms associated with this figure – the point-of-view (POV) shot and the observational shot – positing that the POV evokes empathy while the observational shot creates sympathy. Then, it focuses on the mingong mass that replaces the individual mingong, arguing that the mingong have been commodified and made expendable. It concludes with a cinematic form associated with this group – the mingong gaze, which exists as a reminder, watching and, in its presence, remaining, demanding that the viewer acknowledge the mingong and their current state.

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