scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal carriage rates and serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae among school children with acute otitis media in Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Joko Wahyono ◽  
Mifathuddin Majid Khoeri ◽  
Anton Budhi Darmawan ◽  
Siwi Pramatama Mars Wijayanti ◽  
Aris Mumpuni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
School Children ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Vaccine Type

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a common bacterial pathogen that causes acute otitis media (AOM) in children. In this study, we investigated nasopharyngeal carriage rates and serotype distributions of S. pneumoniae among school children with AOM in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia, from 2018 to 2019. Nasopharyngeal swab specimens and demographic data were collected from 122 children between the ages of 6 and 12. The specimens were cultured for the identification of S. pneumoniae , and serotyping was performed using a sequential multiplex PCR assay. We found that the S. pneumoniae carriage rate was 73 % (89/122) among children with AOM. Serotypes 23A (11 %) and 6A/6B (10 %) were the most common serotypes among the 91 cultured S. pneumoniae strains, followed by 3 (8 %), 14 (7 %), 6C/6D (7 %), 11A/11D (6 %), 15B/15C (4 %) and 35 B (4 %). Moreover, 41 % of the strains could be covered by the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine, PCV13. In conclusion, high nasopharyngeal carriage rates of S. pneumoniae were found in school children with AOM, with almost half of the strains being the vaccine-type. This finding provides a baseline for nasopharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae in school children with AOM and supports the implementation of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in Indonesia.

scholarly journals Early life bacterial airway colonization, local immune mediator response and risk of otitis media

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (8) ◽  
pp. 1124-1131
Author(s):  
Emil Dalgaard Christensen ◽  
Jonathan Thorsen ◽  
Jakob Stokholm ◽  
Tine Marie Pedersen ◽  
Susanne Brix ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Immune Mediator ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Airway Colonization

Introduction. Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common bacterial infection in early childhood, but the underlying mechanisms making some children more susceptible are poorly understood. Aim. To examine the associations between bacterial airway colonization in early life and the risk of AOM and tympanostomy tube insertion (TTI), and whether such associations are modulated by an insufficient local immune mediator response to bacterial colonization. Methodology. Bacterial cultures from hypopharyngeal samples were obtained at 1 week, 1 month and 3 months of age in the Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood 2010 (COPSAC2010) cohort comprising 700 children. Twenty immune mediators were quantified from airway mucosal lining fluid sampled at 1 month. AOM symptoms were registered in a daily diary until 3 years. Information on TTI in the first 3 years was obtained from national registers. Results. Children colonized with Streptococcus pneumoniae at 1 month of age had increased incidence of AOM [aIRR 2.43 (1.14–5.21)] and children colonized with Moraxella catarrhalis at 1 month or Haemophilus influenzae at 3 months had an increased risk of TTI [aHR 1.45 (1.00–2.10) and 1.73 (1.10–2.71)]. There were no associations between the local immune mediator response to colonization and risk of AOM or TTI. Conclusion. Pathogenic bacterial airway colonization in early life was found to be associated with an increased risk of otitis media, albeit not consistently. These associations were independent of the local immune response to colonization.

scholarly journals Serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility profile of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from nasopharynges of children infected with HIV in Jakarta, Indonesia, pre- and post-pneumococcal vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Muktiarti ◽  
Miftahuddin Majid Khoeri ◽  
Wisnu Tafroji ◽  
Lia Waslia ◽  
Dodi Safari
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Pneumococcal Vaccination ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Swab ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Type Strains

The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the serotypes and antibiotic susceptibility of S. pneumoniae carried by children infected with HIV before and after vaccination with the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Jakarta, Indonesia in 2013. We collected nasopharyngeal swab specimens from 52 children pre-vaccination and 6 months post-vaccination. Serotyping was performed by conventional multiplex polymerase chain reaction and Quellung reaction. The antibiotic susceptibility profile was obtained by disc diffusion. We determined that 27 (52%) and 24 (46%) of the 52 children carried S. pneumoniae during pre- and post-vaccination periods, respectively with the majority of the isolates being non-vaccine type strains (85% pre-vaccination and 75% post-vaccination). Serotypes 34, 6C, and 16F (two strains each) were the most commonly identified serotypes at pre-vaccination. Serotypes 23A (three strains) and 19F (two strains) were the most commonly identified serotypes post-vaccination. In general, isolates were most commonly susceptible to chloramphenicol (88%) and clindamycin (88%), followed by erythromycin (84%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (69%), tetracycline (61%), and penicillin (59%). In conclusion, serotypes of S. pneumoniae isolated from the nasopharynges of children infected with HIV varied and were more likely to be non-vaccine type strains both before and after vaccination.

scholarly journals Effect of Vaccination on Pneumococci Isolated from the Nasopharynx of Healthy Children and the Middle Ear of Children with Otitis Media in Iceland

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sigríður J. Quirk ◽  
Gunnsteinn Haraldsson ◽  
Helga Erlendsdóttir ◽  
Martha Á. Hjálmarsdóttir ◽  
Andries J. van Tonder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Significant Shift ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Genetic Lineages ◽  
Vaccine Type ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTVaccination with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) disrupts the pneumococcal population. Our aim was to determine the impact of the 10-valent PCV on the serotypes, genetic lineages, and antimicrobial susceptibility of pneumococci isolated from children in Iceland. Pneumococci were collected between 2009 and 2017 from the nasopharynges of healthy children attending 15 day care centers and from the middle ears (MEs) of children with acute otitis media from the greater Reykjavik capital area. Isolates were serotyped and tested for antimicrobial susceptibility. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on alternate isolates from 2009 to 2014, and serotypes and multilocus sequence types (STs) were extracted from the WGS data. Two study periods were defined: 2009 to 2011 (PreVac) and 2012 to 2017 (PostVac). The overall nasopharyngeal carriage rate was similar between the two periods (67.3% PreVac and 61.5% PostVac,P= 0.090). Vaccine-type (VT) pneumococci decreased and nonvaccine-type (NVT) pneumococci (serotypes 6C, 15A, 15B/C, 21, 22F, 23A, 23B, 35F, and 35B) significantly increased in different age strata post-PCV introduction. The total number of pneumococci recovered from ME samples significantly decreased as did the proportion that were VTs, although NVT pneumococci (6C, 15B/C, 23A, and 23B) increased significantly. Most serotype 6C pneumococci were multidrug resistant (MDR). Serotype 19F was the predominant serotype associated with MEs, and it significantly decreased post-PCV introduction: these isolates were predominantly MDR and of the Taiwan19F-14 PMEN lineage. Overall, the nasopharyngeal carriage rate remained constant and the number of ME-associated pneumococci decreased significantly post-PCV introduction; however, there was a concomitant and statistically significant shift from VTs to NVTs in both collections of pneumococci.

scholarly journals Azithromycin resistance mutations in Streptococcus pneumoniae as revealed by a chemogenomic screen

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Gingras ◽  
Kévin Patron ◽  
Philippe Leprohon ◽  
Marc Ouellette
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Chemical Mutagenesis ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Chromosomal Changes ◽  
23S Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Ribosomal Binding Site

We report on the combination of chemical mutagenesis, azithromycin selection and next-generation sequencing (Mut-Seq) for the identification of small nucleotide variants that decrease the susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to the macrolide antibiotic azithromycin. Mutations in the 23S ribosomal RNA or in ribosomal proteins can confer resistance to macrolides and these were detected by Mut-Seq. By concentrating on recurrent variants, we could associate mutations in genes implicated in the metabolism of glutamine with decreased azithromycin susceptibility among S. pneumoniae mutants. Glutamine synthetase catalyses the transformation of glutamate and ammonium into glutamine and its chemical inhibition is shown to sensitize S. pneumoniae to antibiotics. A mutation affecting the ribosomal-binding site of a putative ribonuclease J2 is also shown to confer low-level resistance. Mut-Seq has the potential to reveal chromosomal changes enabling high resistance as well as novel events conferring more subtle phenotypes.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pneumoniae, S. pyogenes and S. agalactiae membrane phospholipid remodelling in response to human serum

Microbiology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 167 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luke R. Joyce ◽  
Ziqiang Guan ◽  
Kelli L. Palmer
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Human Serum ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Cellular Membrane ◽  
Defined Medium ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Streptococcal Species ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B

Streptococcus pneumoniae , S. pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus ; GAS) and S. agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus ; GBS) are major aetiological agents of diseases in humans. The cellular membrane, a crucial site in host–pathogen interactions, is poorly characterized in streptococci. Moreover, little is known about whether or how environmental conditions influence their lipid compositions. Using normal phase liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization MS, we characterized the phospholipids and glycolipids of S. pneumoniae , GAS and GBS in routine undefined laboratory medium, streptococcal defined medium and, in order to mimic the host environment, defined medium supplemented with human serum. In human serum-supplemented medium, all three streptococcal species synthesize phosphatidylcholine (PC), a zwitterionic phospholipid commonly found in eukaryotes but relatively rare in bacteria. We previously reported that S. pneumoniae utilizes the glycerophosphocholine (GPC) biosynthetic pathway to synthesize PC. Through substrate tracing experiments, we confirm that GAS and GBS scavenge lysoPC, a major metabolite in human serum, thereby using an abbreviated GPC pathway for PC biosynthesis. Furthermore, we found that plasmanyl-PC is uniquely present in the GBS membrane during growth with human serum, suggesting GBS possesses unusual membrane biochemical or biophysical properties. In summary, we report cellular lipid remodelling by the major pathogenic streptococci in response to metabolites present in human serum.

scholarly journals Nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Haemophilus influenzae among patients infected with HIV in Jakarta, Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dodi Safari ◽  
Agatha Nabilla Lestari ◽  
Miftahuddin Majid Khoeri ◽  
Wisnu Tafroji ◽  
Ernawati A. Giri-Rachman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Nasopharyngeal Carriage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile

In this study, the prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage and the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Haemophilus influenzae were investigated in children and adults with HIV infection in Jakarta, Indonesia. Thirty-four H. influenzae isolates were identified in the children (n=16/90; 18%) and adults (n=18/200; 9%) infected with HIV. All isolates were nontypeable H. influenzae and were less susceptible to ampicillin (62%) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (41%). In this study, the H. influenzae strains carried by patients infected with HIV were dominated by non-capsulated types.

scholarly journals Risk factors for acute otitis media in primary school children: a case-control study in Central Java, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siwi Pramatama Wijayanti ◽  
Daniel Joko Wahyono ◽  
Dwi Sarwani Sri Rejeki ◽  
Devi Octaviana ◽  
Aris Mumpuni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Primary School ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
School Children ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Poor Nutritional Status ◽  
History Of

Background: Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common disease in young children requiring antibiotic treatment. Information on AOM-related determinant risk factors in primary school children is still limited, particularly in Indonesia. This study aims to identify risk factors related to AOM in primary school children in Banyumas Regency, Central Java, Indonesia.Design and Methods: This is an analytical study with a case-control design in Banyumas Regency, Indonesia. 3574 children from 6 regions of the Banyumas Regency were recruited for the screening of AOM detection, and confirmation of AOM diagnosis was determined by Otolaryngologist. One hundred and twenty-five cases and 125 control were involved in this study. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire focusing on several variables such as household cooking fuel, house environment, smoking exposure, knowledge of parents, and nutrition status. Univariate, bivariate using chi-square and multivariate with regression logistic was conducted for data analysis. Results: This study highlights the risk of household firewood use (p=0.003), poor nutritional status (p=0.009), and a family history of ear infections (p=0.015) with an increased risk of otitis media.Conclusions: Household firewood use, poor nutritional status and family history of ear infection are factors associated with the occurrence of acute otitis media. It is necessary to provide public health education to prevent exposure to fuel at risk for children and to improve their nutritional status.

scholarly journals Co-infection in critically ill patients with COVID-19: an observational cohort study from England

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vadsala Baskaran ◽  
Hannah Lawrence ◽  
Louise E. Lansbury ◽  
Karmel Webb ◽  
Shahideh Safavi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Type Species ◽  
Severe Illness ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Link Type ◽  
Icu Stay

Introduction. During previous viral pandemics, reported co-infection rates and implicated pathogens have varied. In the 1918 influenza pandemic, a large proportion of severe illness and death was complicated by bacterial co-infection, predominantly Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus . Gap statement. A better understanding of the incidence of co-infection in patients with COVID-19 infection and the pathogens involved is necessary for effective antimicrobial stewardship. Aim. To describe the incidence and nature of co-infection in critically ill adults with COVID-19 infection in England. Methodology. A retrospective cohort study of adults with COVID-19 admitted to seven intensive care units (ICUs) in England up to 18 May 2020, was performed. Patients with completed ICU stays were included. The proportion and type of organisms were determined at <48 and >48 h following hospital admission, corresponding to community and hospital-acquired co-infections. Results. Of 254 patients studied (median age 59 years (IQR 49–69); 64.6 % male), 139 clinically significant organisms were identified from 83 (32.7 %) patients. Bacterial co-infections/ co-colonisation were identified within 48 h of admission in 14 (5.5 %) patients; the commonest pathogens were Staphylococcus aureus (four patients) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (two patients). The proportion of pathogens detected increased with duration of ICU stay, consisting largely of Gram-negative bacteria, particularly Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli . The co-infection/ co-colonisation rate >48 h after admission was 27/1000 person-days (95 % CI 21.3–34.1). Patients with co-infections/ co-colonisation were more likely to die in ICU (crude OR 1.78,95 % CI 1.03–3.08, P=0.04) compared to those without co-infections/ co-colonisation. Conclusion. We found limited evidence for community-acquired bacterial co-infection in hospitalised adults with COVID-19, but a high rate of Gram-negative infection acquired during ICU stay.

scholarly journals Efficacy of Aminomethyl Spectinomycins against Complex Upper Respiratory Tract Bacterial Infections

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Iverson ◽  
Christopher J. Meyer ◽  
Peter Vogel ◽  
Samanthi Waidyarachchi ◽  
Nisha Das ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Upper Respiratory

ABSTRACT The most frequent ailment for which antibiotics are prescribed is otitis media (ear infections), which is most commonly caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Treatment of otitis media is complicated by the fact that the bacteria in the middle ear typically form biofilms, which can be recalcitrant to antibiotic treatment. Furthermore, bacterial respiratory infections can be greatly exacerbated by viral coinfection, which is particularly evidenced by the synergy between influenza and S. pneumoniae. In this study, we sought to ascertain the in vivo efficacy of aminomethyl spectinomycin lead 1950, an effective antibacterial agent both in vitro and in vivo against Streptococcus pneumoniae in the context of complex respiratory infections and acute otitis media. A single dose of 1950 significantly reduced bacterial burden in the respiratory tract for all three pathogens, even when species were present in a coinfection model. Additionally, a single dose of 1950 effectively reduced pneumococcal acute otitis media from the middle ear. The agent 1950 also proved efficacious in the context of influenza-pneumococcal super infection. These data further support the development of this family of compounds as potential therapeutic agents against the common causes of complex upper respiratory tract infections and acute otitis media.

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