scholarly journals Adaptation of plum pox virus to a herbaceous host (Pisum sativum) following serial passages

2007 ◽  
Vol 88 (10) ◽  
pp. 2839-2845 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Wallis ◽  
Andrew L. Stone ◽  
Diana J. Sherman ◽  
Vernon D. Damsteegt ◽  
Fred E. Gildow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Serial Passage ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
New Host ◽  
Aphid Vectors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Aphid Inoculation

Plum pox virus (PPV) populations from peaches are able to adapt consistently to herbaceous hosts, characterized by a reduction in time to symptom development, increases in inoculation efficiency and increased titres. PPV adaptation was studied by using pea (Pisum sativum) as an alternative host. Two isolates of PPV from peaches were inoculated and passaged in peas ten times using either aphid or mechanical inoculation, generating four independent passage lines. Mechanical-transmission efficiency from peach to pea improved from 3 % at passage 1 to 100 % by serial passage 4 on peas. Inoculation using aphid vectors required six to ten serial passages in pea to reach a peak of 50–60 % transmission efficiency. Sequence analyses of all four PPV population lines inoculated sequentially to pea identified a specific mutation occurring consistently in the NIb gene when compared with the same PPV isolates passaged in parallel in peach. The mutation allowed PPV to replicate up to 20 times faster in the new host. Pea-adapted strains of PPV at every passage were also tested for their ability to infect the original host, peach. Regardless of the number of previous passages, all pea-adapted PPV strains consistently infected peach at low levels using aphid inoculation.

Feeding stem–leaf–pod explants of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with d-chiro-inositol or d-pinitol modifies composition of α-d-galactosides in developing seeds

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesław B. Lahuta ◽  
Wojciech Święcicki ◽  
Tomasz Dzik ◽  
Ryszard J. Górecki ◽  
Marcin Horbowicz
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Raffinose Family Oligosaccharides ◽  
Developing Seeds ◽  
Pisum Sativum L ◽  
Pea Seeds ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Stem Leaf

AbstractFeeding stem–leaf–pod explants with d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol was used as a method to modify α-d-galactosides in developing pea (Pisum sativum) seeds. Four genotypes differing in the composition of raffinose, stachyose and verbascose (raffinose family oligosaccharides or RFOs) in seeds – high RFOs (cv. Tiny), low RFOs (SZD175) and low verbascose (cv. Hubal and cv. Wt 506) – were studied. Although seeds of all examined pea lines were able to take up both d-chiro-inositol and d-pinitol, only d-chiro-inositol was effectively converted into its galactosides: mainly fagopyritol B1 (O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-d-chiro-inositol) and fagopyritol B2 (O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 6)-O-α-d-galactopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-d-chiro-inositol). In seeds of pea lines naturally containing low levels of verbascose (cv. Hubal) and low RFOs (SZD175), the enhanced accumulation of fagopyritols depressed the RFO level by c. 64 and 20%, respectively. Moreover, in both genotypes, about 25 and 30% of total galactose bound in α-d-galactosides occurred in fagopyritols. d-Pinitol present in the pea seeds was converted into monogalactosides, but their accumulation was several-fold lower than that of fagopyritols and did not significantly influence the accumulation of RFOs. Pea seeds with the composition of soluble carbohydrates modified by feeding with either of the cyclitols were able to complete germination.

scholarly journals Transmission Efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus by Three Aphid Species

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (5) ◽  
pp. 541-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Kalleshwaraswamy ◽  
N. K. Krishna Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Aphis Gossypii ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Leaf Disk ◽  
Ringspot Virus ◽  
Test Plant ◽  
Infected Leaf ◽  
Papaya Ringspot Virus ◽  
Access Period ◽  
Virus Retention ◽  
Aphid Inoculation

The transmission efficiency of Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) by three aphid vectors (i.e., Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora, and Myzus persicae) was studied. Efficiency was measured by single-aphid inoculation, group inoculation (using five aphids), duration of virus retention, and the number of plants following a single acquisition access period (AAP) to which the aphids could successfully transmit the virus. Single-aphid inoculation studies indicated that M. persicae (56%) and A. gossypii (53%) were significantly more efficient in transmitting PRSV than A. craccivora (38%). Further, in the former two species, the time required for initiation of the first probe on the inoculation test plant was significantly shorter compared to A. craccivora. PRSV transmission efficiency was 100% in all three species when a group of five aphids were used per plant. There was a perceptible decline in transmission efficiency as the sequestration period increased, although M. persicae successfully transmitted PRSV after 30 min of sequestration. A simple leaf-disk assay technique was employed for evaluating the transmission efficiency of three species of aphids. The results of leaf-disk assays also indicated that A. gossypii (48%) and M. persicae (56%) were more efficient PRSV vectors than A. craccivora. Using leaf-disk assays, the ability of individual aphids to inoculate PRSV serially to a number of plants was studied. Following a single AAP on an infected leaf, M. persicae was more efficient than the other two species with 52.5% transmission after the first inoculation access period (IAP). However, its inoculation efficiency significantly decreased with the second and subsequent IAPs. A. gossypii was able to transmit PRSV sequentially up to four successive leaf disks, but with significantly declining efficiency. Since A. gossypii is reported to be the numerically dominant vector in south India in addition to being a more efficient vector capable of inoculating PRSV to multiple plants, it should be the target vector for control strategies.

New host and distributional records for Camarosporidiella in Italy, Russia, and Ukraine

Mycotaxon ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
pp. 451-489
Author(s):  
Dhandevi Pem ◽  
Rajesh Jeewon ◽  
Timur S. Bulgakov ◽  
Irina V. Bondarenko-Borisova ◽  
Mingkwan Doilom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Woody Plants ◽  
Robinia Pseudoacacia ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Elaeagnus Angustifolia ◽  
Ulmus Pumila ◽  
Sequence Analyses ◽  
New Host ◽  
Amorpha Fruticosa ◽  
Morus Nigra ◽  
New Host Records

Camarosporidiella specimens collected from woody plants in central Italy, eastern Ukraine, and southeastern Russia were identified based on morphology and multi-gene (LSU, SSU, ITS, and TEF) sequence analyses. Camarosporidiella caraganicola on Amorpha fruticosa, C. celtidis on Ulmus pumila, C. elaeagnicola on Cytisus ruthenicus are described with new host records and as new fungal records for Ukraine. Camarosporidiella moricola on Morus nigra is newly reported for Italy, and C. robiniicola on Robinia pseudoacacia is new for Ukraine. Camarosporidiella elaeagnicola on Elaeagnus angustifolia is re-described to facilitate identification. Notes on host distribution of Camarosporidiellaceae are also provided.

scholarly journals Relative Susceptibility Among Alternative Host Species Prevalent in the Great Plains to Wheat streak mosaic virus

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 1185-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Ito ◽  
Z. Miller ◽  
F. Menalled ◽  
M. Moffet ◽  
M. Burrows
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Transmission Efficiency ◽  
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽  
Viral Reservoir ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Mechanical Transmission ◽  
Weed Species ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Jointed Goatgrass

Wild grasses, crops, and grassy weeds are known to host Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) and its vector, the wheat curl mite (WCM). Their relative importance as a source of WSMV was evaluated. A survey of small-grain fields throughout Montana was conducted between 2008 and 2009. Cheatgrass was the most prevalent grassy weed and the most frequent viral host, with 6% infection by WSMV in 2008 (n = 125) and 15% in 2009 (n = 358). By mechanically inoculating plants with WSMV in the greenhouse, the highest susceptibility was found in rye brome (52.1%), jointed goatgrass (80.9%), and wild oat (53.9%. Quackgrass, not previously reported as a host, was susceptible to WSMV (12.7%). Mite transmission efficiency from susceptible grass species was lower than from wheat, and grass species must be a host for both WSMV and the WCM to serve as a virus source. WCM transmission was more efficient than mechanical transmission. Overall, results indicate that grass species can serve as a viral reservoir, regional variation in a weed species' susceptibility to WSMV cannot explain geographic variation in epidemic intensity, and crop species and closely related weeds (e.g., jointed goatgrass) remain the best reservoirs for both WSMV and the WCM.

Regulation of Movement of Assimilate Into Ovules of Pisum sativum Cv. Greenfeast: a 'remote' Effect of the Pod.

1978 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
AM Williams ◽  
RR Williams
Keyword(s):  
Pisum Sativum ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Single Leaf ◽  
Localized Heating ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Response To Temperature

14CO2 was fed to the single leaf of pea plants (P. sativum cv. Greenfeast) pruned to leave one leaf and one pod. Localized heating of the pod, removal of ovules and determination of 14C activity in soluble sugars and starch fractions were used to investigate the enhanced movement of 14C from the leaf into the ovules at higher pod temperatures. The low levels of 14C detected in the starch fractions indicate that conversion of soluble sugars to starch is not involved in the response to temperature. The response was similar with only localized heating of the pod and with the ovules removed; therefore, it must be independent of the ovules. It is proposed that the pod tissue produces a stimulus which has a 'remote' effect on export of assimilates from the leaf.

scholarly journals Production of plum pox virus HC-Pro functionally active for aphid transmission in a transient-expression system

2006 ◽  
Vol 87 (11) ◽  
pp. 3413-3423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Goytia ◽  
Lourdes Fernández-Calvino ◽  
Belén Martínez-García ◽  
Dionisio López-Abella ◽  
Juan José López-Moya
Keyword(s):  
Expression System ◽  
Aphid Transmission ◽  
Plum Pox Virus ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Feeding Assay ◽  
Multifunctional Protein ◽  
Virus Particles ◽  
Accessory Factor ◽  
Aphid Vectors ◽  
Transient System

Potyviruses are non-persistently transmitted by aphid vectors with the assistance of a viral accessory factor known as helper component (HC-Pro), a multifunctional protein that is also involved in many other essential processes during the virus infection cycle. A transient Agrobacterium-mediated expression system was used to produce Plum pox virus (PPV) HC-Pro in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves from constructs that incorporated the 5′ region of the genome, yielding high levels of HC-Pro in agroinfiltrated leaves. The expressed PPV HC-Pro was able to assist aphid transmission of purified virus particles in a sequential feeding assay, and to complement transmission-defective variants of the virus. Also, HC-Pro of a second potyvirus, Tobacco etch virus (TEV), was expressed and found to be functional for aphid transmission. These results show that this transient system can be useful for production of functionally active HC-Pro in potyviruses, and the possible uses of this approach to study the mechanism of transmission are discussed.

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