scholarly journals The hidden cost of receiving favors: A theory of indebtedness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxue Gao ◽  
Eshin Jolly ◽  
Hongbo Yu ◽  
Huiying Liu ◽  
Xiaolin Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Utility Model ◽  
Dorsomedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Hidden Cost

AbstractReceiving help or a favor from another person can sometimes have a hidden cost. In this study, we explore these hidden costs by developing and validating a theoretical model of indebtedness across three studies that combine large-scale experience sampling, interpersonal games, computational modeling, and neuroimaging. Our model captures how individuals infer the altruistic and strategic intentions of the benefactor. These inferences produce distinct feelings of guilt and obligation that together comprise indebtedness and motivate reciprocity. Altruistic intentions convey care and concern and are associated with activity in the insula, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, while strategic intentions convey expectations of future reciprocity and are associated with activation in the temporal parietal junction and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. We further develop a neural utility model of indebtedness using multivariate patterns of brain activity that captures the tradeoff between these feelings and reliably predicts reciprocity behavior.

scholarly journals Reducing future fears by suppressing the brain mechanisms underlying episodic simulation

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (52) ◽  
pp. E8492-E8501 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland G. Benoit ◽  
Daniel J. Davies ◽  
Michael C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Episodic Simulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Future Events ◽  
The Right ◽  
Development Of Anxiety ◽  
The Brain

Imagining future events conveys adaptive benefits, yet recurrent simulations of feared situations may help to maintain anxiety. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that people can attenuate future fears by suppressing anticipatory simulations of dreaded events. Participants repeatedly imagined upsetting episodes that they feared might happen to them and suppressed imaginings of other such events. Suppressing imagination engaged the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which modulated activation in the hippocampus and in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC). Consistent with the role of the vmPFC in providing access to details that are typical for an event, stronger inhibition of this region was associated with greater forgetting of such details. Suppression further hindered participants’ ability to later freely envision suppressed episodes. Critically, it also reduced feelings of apprehensiveness about the feared scenario, and individuals who were particularly successful at down-regulating fears were also less trait-anxious. Attenuating apprehensiveness by suppressing simulations of feared events may thus be an effective coping strategy, suggesting that a deficiency in this mechanism could contribute to the development of anxiety.

Regional cerebral perfusion correlates with anxiety in neuropsychiatric SLE: evidence for a mechanism distinct from depression

Lupus ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 1678-1689 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Papadaki ◽  
E Kavroulakis ◽  
G Bertsias ◽  
A Fanouriakis ◽  
D Karageorgou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cerebral Blood Volume ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Depression Symptomatology

The study examined the hypothesis that hypoperfusion in brain areas known to be involved in emotional disturbances in primary psychiatric disorders is also linked to emotional difficulties in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and that these are not secondary to the physical and social burden incurred by the disease. Nineteen SLE patients without overt neuropsychiatric manifestations (non-NPSLE), 31 NPSLE patients, and 23 healthy controls were examined. Dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI was used and cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume values were estimated in six manually selected regions of interest of brain regions suspected to play a role in anxiety and depression (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, hippocampi, caudate nuclei and putamen). NPSLE patients reported high rates of anxiety and depression symptomatology. Significantly reduced cerebral blood flow and cerebral blood volume values were detected in the NPSLE group compared to healthy controls in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, bilaterally. Within the NPSLE group, anxiety symptomatology was significantly associated with lower perfusion in frontostriatal regions and in the right anterior cingulate gyrus. Importantly, the latter associations appeared to be specific to anxiety symptoms, as they persisted after controlling for depression symptomatology and independent of the presence of visible lesions on conventional MRI. In conclusion, hypoperfusion in specific limbic and frontostriatal regions is associated with more severe anxiety symptoms in the context of widespread haemodynamic disturbances in NPSLE.

scholarly journals Neural representations of honesty predict future trust behavior

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Bellucci ◽  
Felix Molter ◽  
Soyoung Q. Park
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Intraparietal Sulcus ◽  
Temporoparietal Junction ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
Brain Signals ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

AbstractTheoretical accounts propose honesty as a central determinant of trustworthiness impressions and trusting behavior. However, behavioral and neural evidence on the relationships between honesty and trust is missing. Here, combining a novel paradigm that successfully induces trustworthiness impressions with functional MRI and multivariate analyses, we demonstrate that honesty-based trustworthiness is represented in the posterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and intraparietal sulcus. Crucially, brain signals in these regions predict individual trust in a subsequent social interaction with the same partner. Honesty recruited the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), and stronger functional connectivity between the VMPFC and temporoparietal junction during honesty encoding was associated with higher trust in the subsequent interaction. These results suggest that honesty signals in the VMPFC are integrated into trustworthiness beliefs to inform present and future social behaviors. These findings improve our understanding of the neural representations of an individual’s social character that guide behaviors during interpersonal interactions.

Emotional Regulation: Implications for the Psychobiology of Psychotherapy

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 195-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan J. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Functional Imaging ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Regulation ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Gene Variants ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

ABSTRACTA range of studies have contributed to understanding the psychobiology of emotional regulation. Functional imaging studies have demonstrated that cortico-limbic circuitry plays an important role in mediating processes such as reappraisal and suppression. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex may be important in conscious reframing, while ventromedial prefrontal cortex and orbitofrontal cortex may be particularly important in emotion evaluation. Gene variants and early environments impact underlying emotional regulation and its neurobiology. It may be hypothesized that during interventions such as psychotherapy there are improvements in emotional regulation, together with the normalization of related psycho-biological mechanisms.

scholarly journals Transcriptome-scale spatial gene expression in the human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen R. Maynard ◽  
Leonardo Collado-Torres ◽  
Lukas M. Weber ◽  
Cedric Uytingco ◽  
Brianna K. Barry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Web Application ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Sequencing Data ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal ◽  
Transcriptomics Data

AbstractWe used the 10x Genomics Visium platform to define the spatial topography of gene expression in the six-layered human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). We identified extensive layer-enriched expression signatures, and refined associations to previous laminar markers. We overlaid our laminar expression signatures onto large-scale single nuclei RNA sequencing data, enhancing spatial annotation of expression-driven clusters. By integrating neuropsychiatric disorder gene sets, we showed differential layer-enriched expression of genes associated with schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder, highlighting the clinical relevance of spatially-defined expression. We then developed a data-driven framework to define unsupervised clusters in spatial transcriptomics data, which can be applied to other tissues or brain regions where morphological architecture is not as well-defined as cortical laminae. We lastly created a web application for the scientific community to explore these raw and summarized data to augment ongoing neuroscience and spatial transcriptomics research (http://research.libd.org/spatialLIBD).

scholarly journals Regional heterogeneity in gene expression, regulation and coherence in hippocampus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex across development and in schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Collado-Torres ◽  
EE Burke ◽  
A Peterson ◽  
JH Shin ◽  
RE Straub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Region ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Regional Heterogeneity ◽  
Surrogate Variable Analysis ◽  
Dorsolateral Prefrontal

AbstractRecent large-scale genomics efforts have better characterized the molecular correlates of schizophrenia in postmortem human neocortex, but not hippocampus which is a brain region prominently implicated in its pathogenesis. Here in the second phase of the BrainSeq Consortium (Phase II), we have generated RiboZero RNA-seq data for 900 samples across both the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and the hippocampus (HIPPO) for 551 individuals (286 affected by schizophrenia disorder: SCZD). We identify substantial regional differences in gene expression, in both pre- and post-natal life, and find widespread differences in how genes are regulated across development. By extending quality surrogate variable analysis (qSVA) to multiple brain regions, we identified 48 and 245 differentially expressed genes (DEG) by SCZD diagnosis (FDR<5%) in HIPPO and DLPFC, respectively, with surprisingly minimal overlap in DEG between the two brain regions. We further identified 205,618 brain region-dependent eQTLs (FDR<1%) and found that 124 GWAS risk loci contain eQTLs in at least one of the regions. We also identify potential molecular correlates of in vivo evidence of altered prefrontal-hippocampal functional coherence in schizophrenia. These results underscore the complexity and regional heterogeneity of the transcriptional correlates of schizophrenia, and suggest future schizophrenia therapeutics may need to target molecular pathologies localized to specific brain regions.

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