scholarly journals The Drosophila seminal Sex Peptide can associate with rival as well as own sperm and provide function for SP in polyandrous females

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snigdha Misra ◽  
Mariana F. Wolfner
Keyword(s):  
Energy Cost ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Sex Peptide ◽  
Direct Benefits ◽  
The Common ◽  
Paternity Share

AbstractIn populations in which females tend to mate with more than one male, sperm competition and cryptic female choice can occur, triggering biases in sperm use and influencing males’ paternity share outcome of the mating. This competition occurs in the context of molecules and cells of male and female working interdependently towards the common goal of optimal fertilization. For example, a male’s seminal fluid molecules modify the female’s physiology to increase reproductive success. However, since some of these modifications induce long-term changes in female physiology, this can indirectly benefit rival males. Indeed, rival males can tailor their ejaculates accordingly, minimizing the energy cost of mating. Here we investigate the direct benefits that seminal fluid proteins from an ejaculate of one male can confer to sperm of a rival. We report that Sex Peptide (SP) that a female receives from one male can bind to sperm from a prior mate, that were already stored in the female. Moreover, the second male’s SP can restore fertility and facilitate efficient sperm release or utilization of sperm received from the first male that had been stored in the female. Thus, SP from one male can directly benefit another and as such is a key molecular component in the process of inter-ejaculate interaction.

scholarly journals Drosophila seminal sex peptide associates with rival as well as own sperm, providing SP function in polyandrous females

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Snigdha Misra ◽  
Mariana F Wolfner
Keyword(s):  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Competitive Interactions ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Sex Peptide ◽  
Sperm Utilization ◽  
Paternity Share

When females mate with more than one male, the males’ paternity share is affected by biases in sperm use. These competitive interactions occur while female and male molecules and cells work interdependently to optimize fertility, including modifying the female’s physiology through interactions with male seminal fluid proteins (SFPs). Some modifications persist, indirectly benefiting later males. Indeed, rival males tailor their ejaculates accordingly. Here, we show that SFPs from one male can directly benefit a rival’s sperm. We report that Sex Peptide (SP) that a female Drosophila receives from a male can bind sperm that she had stored from a previous male, and rescue the sperm utilization and fertility defects of an SP-deficient first-male. Other seminal proteins received in the first mating ‘primed’ the sperm (or the female) for this binding. Thus, SP from one male can directly benefit another, making SP a key molecule in inter-ejaculate interaction.

Hemorrhoidal Laser procedure (HeLP) and Hemorrrrhoidal Laser procedure + mucopexy (HeLPexx) and other Emerging Technologies

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Giamundo
Keyword(s):  
Laser Treatment ◽  
Dentate Line ◽  
Mucosal Prolapse ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Superior Rectal Artery ◽  
Doppler Probe ◽  
The Common ◽  
Probe Set

Background: Minimally-invasive treatments for hemorrhoids should be encouraged as they cause low morbidity, reasonable discomfort and quicker return to work. According to the “vascular theory” hemorrhoidal disease is mainly caused by blood overflow into hemorrhoidal plexus deriving from the superior hemorrhoidal arteries. Introduction: Many different procedures have been described in the literature with the common goal of reducing the blood flow into the hemorrhoidal piles. ‘HeLP’ (Hemorrhoids Laser Procedure) is a novel form of dearterialization to treat patients suffering from symptomatic hemorrhoids. Methods: The procedure consists of the closure of the terminal branches of the superior rectal artery approximately 2-3 cm above the dentate line by means of laser shots originated by a diode laser platform. The arteries, at that level, have variable location and distribution. Therefore, a doppler probe set at the frequency of 20MHz helps identifying the arteries that would be missed otherwise. The laser beam is well tolerated by patients. For this reason, anesthesia is not required in most cases and the procedure allows a quick return to daily activities. In case of concomitant severe mucosal prolapse, the laser treatment can be combined with suture mucopexy. Three to six running sutures allow a complete lifting of hemorrhoidal piles, securing long-term resolution of symptoms. Results and Conclusions: ‘HeLP’ is indicated in patients with symptomatic hemorrhoids where conservative treatment failed and when mucosal prolapse is scarce or not symptomatic. The addition of mucopexy to laser treatment (HeLPexx) contributes to overall resolution of symptoms when mucosal prolapse is an issue, Emborrhoid is another novel, ‘hi-tech’ form of selective dearterialization used in selected case of hemorrhoids where main symptom is bleeding. It is generally used in cases where surgery is contraindicated due to severe concomitant diseases.

scholarly journals Postoperative Rehabilitation Guidelines for Hip Arthroscopy in an Active Population

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael L. Voight ◽  
Kevin Robinson ◽  
Lance Gill ◽  
Karen Griffin
Keyword(s):  
Hip Arthroscopy ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Common Goal ◽  
Postoperative Rehabilitation ◽  
Rehabilitation Process ◽  
Functional Deficits ◽  
Active Population ◽  
Free Function ◽  
The Common

Context: With the evolution of hip arthroscopy has come an increased recognition of intra-articular hip pathologies and improved techniques for their management. Whereas mechanical problems can often be corrected through surgery, functional deficits must be corrected through the rehabilitation process. Therefore, the evolution of hip arthroscopy has necessitated a progression in hip rehabilitation to ensure optimal postsurgical results. Evidence Acquisition: Literature review was conducted with PubMed, EMBASE, and PEDro (1992 to 2009) with the terms hip, rehabilitation, and physical therapy. Results: Although it is generally accepted that rehabilitation after hip arthroscopy is important, there is limited evidence-based research to support the rehabilitative guidelines. Conclusion: The common goal of hip rehabilitation should remain focused on the return to pain-free function of the hip joint. Outcome data indicate that this goal is being met; however, further data are required to completely validate the long-term success of hip rehabilitation after arthroscopy.

scholarly journals Sex peptide of Drosophila melanogaster males is a global regulator of reproductive processes in females

2012 ◽  
Vol 279 (1746) ◽  
pp. 4423-4432 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gioti ◽  
S. Wigby ◽  
B. Wertheim ◽  
E. Schuster ◽  
P. Martinez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Sexual Conflict ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Nutrient Sensing ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Sex Peptide ◽  
Efficient Induction ◽  
Transcriptional Changes ◽  
Female Behaviour ◽  
Reproductive Processes

Seminal fluid proteins (Sfps) alter female behaviour and physiology and can mediate sexual conflict. In Drosophila melanogaster , a single Sfp, the sex peptide (SP), triggers remarkable post-mating responses in females, including altered fecundity, feeding, immunity and sexual receptivity. These effects can favour the evolutionary interests of males while generating costs in females. We tested the hypothesis that SP is an upstream master-regulator able to induce diverse phenotypes through efficient induction of widespread transcriptional changes in females. We profiled mRNA responses to SP in adult female abdomen (Abd) and head+thorax (HT) tissues using microarrays at 3 and 6 h following mating. SP elicited a rich, subtle signature of temporally and spatially controlled mRNAs. There were significant alterations to genes linked to egg development, early embryogenesis, immunity, nutrient sensing, behaviour and, unexpectedly, phototransduction. There was substantially more variation in the direction of differential expression across time points in the HT versus Abd. The results support the idea that SP is an important regulator of gene expression in females. The expression of many genes in one sex can therefore be under the influence of a regulator expressed in the other. This could influence the extent of sexual conflict both within and between loci.

scholarly journals Divergence in sex peptide-mediated female post-mating responses in Drosophila melanogaster

2018 ◽  
Vol 285 (1886) ◽  
pp. 20181563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina U. Wensing ◽  
Claudia Fricke
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Seminal Fluid ◽  
Lifetime Reproductive Success ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
Seminal Fluid Proteins ◽  
Sex Peptide ◽  
Fitness Measures ◽  
Different Populations ◽  
Reproductive Processes ◽  
Sexually Antagonistic Coevolution

Transfer and receipt of seminal fluid proteins crucially affect reproductive processes in animals. Evolution in these male ejaculatory proteins is explained with post-mating sexual selection, but we lack a good understanding of the evolution of female post-mating responses (PMRs) to these proteins. Some of these proteins are expected to mediate sexually antagonistic coevolution generating the expectation that females evolve resistance. One candidate in Drosophila melanogaster is the sex peptide (SP) which confers cost of mating in females. In this paper, we compared female SP-induced PMRs across three D. melanogaster wild-type populations after mating with SP-lacking versus control males including fitness measures. Surprisingly, we did not find any evidence for SP-mediated fitness costs in any of the populations. However, female lifetime reproductive success and lifespan were differently affected by SP receipt indicating that female PMRs diverged among populations. Injection of synthetic SP into virgin females further supported these findings and suggests that females from different populations require different amounts of SP to effectively initiate PMRs. Molecular analyses of the SP receptor suggest that genetic differences might explain the observed phenotypical divergence. We discuss the evolutionary processes that might have caused this divergence in female PMRs.

The foundations of peaceful coexistence after the war ... Mosul is a model

2019 ◽  
pp. 178
Author(s):  
Omar Hashim Thanon
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Psychological Consequences ◽  
Peaceful Coexistence ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Mass Displacement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Near Term ◽  
Post War ◽  
Common Destiny

Since peaceful coexistence reflects in its various aspects the concept of harmony between the members of the same society with their different national, religious and sectarian affiliations, as well as their attitudes and ideas, what brings together these are the common bonds such as land, interests and common destiny. But this coexistence is exposing for crises and instability and the theft of rights and other that destroy the communities with their different religious, national, sectarian, ethnic aspects, especially if these led to a crisis of fighting or war, which produces only destruction and mass displacement, ttherefore, the process of bridging the gap between the different parts of society in the post-war phase through a set of requirements that serve as the basis for the promotion of peaceful coexistence within the same country to consolidate civil and community peace in order to create a general framework and a coherent basis to reconstruct the community again.      Hence the premise of the research by asking about the extent of the possibility and ability of the community of religious and ethnic diversity, which has been exposed to these crises, which aimed at this diversity, basically to be able to rise and re-integrate within the same country and thus achieve civil and community peace, and Mosul is an example for that, the negative effects of the war and the accomplices of many criminal acts have given rise to hatred and fear for all, leading to the loss of livelihoods, which in the long term may have devastating social and psychological consequences.        To clarify all of this, the title of the first topic was a review of the concept and origin of peaceful coexistence. While the second topic dealt with the requirements of peaceful coexistence and social integration in Mosul, the last topic has identified the most important challenges facing the processes of coexistence and integration in Mosul. All this in order to paint a better future for the conductor at all levels in the near term at the very least to achieve the values of this peaceful coexistence, especially in the post-war period.

The Co-Occurrence of Autism and Gender Diversity

2020 ◽  
pp. 197-211
Author(s):  
Jill C. Fodstad ◽  
Rebecca Elias ◽  
Shivali Sarawgi
Keyword(s):  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
Gender Diversity ◽  
Gender Nonconforming ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Gender Diverse ◽  
Nonbinary Gender ◽  
Psychiatric Conditions ◽  
The Common ◽  
And Gender

Gender diversity refers to gender expressions and/or gender identity experiences that vary from the common experiences of gender. Gender-diverse people may be gender nonconforming, gender nonbinary, gender fluid, gender exploring, transgender, and so forth. Some gender-diverse individuals experience gender dysphoria and/or gender incongruence and may require gender-affirming supports, including gender-affirming medical interventions. The co-occurrence of autism and gender diversity has been highlighted in a series of studies internationally as well as through rich community expressions. Studies in gender-referred individuals reveal high rates of autism traits as well as high rates of existing autism diagnoses. Studies in autistic populations reveal greater gender diversity characteristics. The long-term course of gender diversity in autistic individuals is poorly understood. Clinical guidelines have been developed for adolescents with the co-occurrence, but much work remains: No gender-related measures have been developed and tested for use in neurodiverse populations, no programs exist to support gender-diverse neurodiverse adults, and little is known about co-occurring mental health profiles, risks, or protective factors for people with the co-occurrence. The inclusion of this chapter on co-occurring autism and gender diversity within a book on “co-occurring psychiatric conditions” is problematic, because gender diversity is not a “psychiatric condition,” but instead a form of human diversity. The diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria is useful only insomuch as it allows individuals to obtain necessary gender-related supports. The authors’ choice to include this chapter in this book reflects a compromise, motivated by the need for educating both autism and gender specialists in this common co-occurrence.

The Neurobiology of Pain

2019 ◽  
pp. 387-414
Author(s):  
Maria Fitzgerald ◽  
Michael W. Salter
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Pain Perception ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Age And Sex

The influence of development and sex on pain perception has long been recognized but only recently has it become clear that this is due to specific differences in underlying pain neurobiology. This chapter summarizes the evidence for mechanistic differences in male and female pain biology and for functional changes in pain pathways through infancy, adolescence, and adulthood. It describes how both developmental age and sex determine peripheral nociception, spinal and brainstem processing, brain networks, and neuroimmune pathways in pain. Finally, the chapter discusses emerging evidence for interactions between sex and development and the importance of sex in the short- and long-term effects of early life pain.

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