scholarly journals Mesoscopic-scale functional networks in the primate amygdala

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah K Morrow ◽  
Michael X Cohen ◽  
Katalin M Gothard
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Single Neurons ◽  
Mesoscopic Scale ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Response Profile ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
And Task

AbstractThe primate amygdala performs multiple functions that may be related to the anatomical heterogeneity of its nuclei. At the level of single neurons, each function is reflected in stimulus- and task-specific responses. Given that neurons with a particular response profile are not clustered in any of the nuclei, single units may be too fine-grained to shed light on the mesoscale organization of the amygdala. We have extracted from local field potentials recorded simultaneously from multiple locations within the primate amygdala (Macaca mulatta) spatially defined and statistically separable responses to visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli. A generalized eigendecomposition-based method of source separation isolated coactivity patterns, or components, that in neurophysiological terms correspond to putative subnetworks. Some component spatial patterns mapped onto the anatomical organization of the amygdala, while other components reflected integration across nuclei. These components differentiated between visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli suggesting the presence of functionally distinct parallel subnetworks.

scholarly journals Mesoscopic-scale functional networks in the primate amygdala

eLife ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah K Morrow ◽  
Michael X Cohen ◽  
Katalin M Gothard
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Local Field ◽  
Auditory Stimuli ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Mesoscopic Scale ◽  
Multiple Functions ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
And Task

The primate amygdala performs multiple functions that may be related to the anatomical heterogeneity of its nuclei. Individual neurons with stimulus- and task-specific responses are not clustered in any of the nuclei, suggesting that single-units may be too-fine grained to shed light on the mesoscale organization of the amygdala. We have extracted from local field potentials recorded simultaneously from multiple locations within the primate (Macaca mulatta) amygdala spatially defined and statistically separable responses to visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli. A generalized eigendecomposition-based method of source separation isolated coactivity patterns, or components, that in neurophysiological terms correspond to putative subnetworks. Some component spatial patterns mapped onto the anatomical organization of the amygdala, while other components reflected integration across nuclei. These components differentiated between visual, tactile, and auditory stimuli suggesting the presence of functionally distinct parallel subnetworks.

scholarly journals Brainwide functional networks associated with anatomically- and functionally-defined hippocampal subfields using ultrahigh-resolution fMRI

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Tang Chang ◽  
Stephanie K. Langella ◽  
Yichuan Tang ◽  
Sahar Ahmad ◽  
Han Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Functional Organization ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Longitudinal Axis ◽  
Functional Networks ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Underlying Assumption ◽  
Isotropic Resolution ◽  
Hippocampal Subfields ◽  
Fine Grained

AbstractThe hippocampus is critical for learning and memory and may be separated into anatomically-defined hippocampal subfields (aHPSFs). Hippocampal functional networks, particularly during resting state, are generally analyzed using aHPSFs as seed regions, with the underlying assumption that the function within a subfield is homogeneous, yet heterogeneous between subfields. However, several prior studies have observed similar resting-state functional connectivity (FC) profiles between aHPSFs. Alternatively, data-driven approaches investigate hippocampal functional organization without a priori assumptions. However, insufficient spatial resolution may result in a number of caveats concerning the reliability of the results. Hence, we developed a functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) sequence on a 7 T MR scanner achieving 0.94 mm isotropic resolution with a TR of 2 s and brain-wide coverage to (1) investigate the functional organization within hippocampus at rest, and (2) compare the brain-wide FC associated with fine-grained aHPSFs and functionally-defined hippocampal subfields (fHPSFs). This study showed that fHPSFs were arranged along the longitudinal axis that were not comparable to the lamellar structures of aHPSFs. For brain-wide FC, the fHPSFs rather than aHPSFs revealed that a number of fHPSFs connected specifically with some of the functional networks. Different functional networks also showed preferential connections with different portions of hippocampal subfields.

scholarly journals Tracing the Life of a Buddhist Literary Apologia: Steps in Preparation for the Study and Translation of Sokdokpa’s Thunder of Definitive Meaning

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
James Duncan Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Shed Light

This article discusses Buddhist apologetics in Tibet by examining the formation, revision, and reception of the most renowned literary apologia ever written in defense of the Old School of Tibetan Buddhism: Sokdokpa Lodrö Gyeltsen’s early 17th-century magnum opus the Thunder of Definitive Meaning. It reconstructs in broad strokes the history of the Thunder’s reception from the early 17th century to the present and relates this to details in different versions of the Thunder and its addendum to shed light on the process by which this work was composed and edited. By considering this work’s peculiar context of production and history of reception alongside passages it presents revealing how it was conceived and revised, this analysis aims to prepare the ground for its study and translation. In so doing, this discussion attempts to show how a broadly historical approach can work in tandem with a fine-grained philological approach to yield fresh insights into the production and reception of Buddhist literary works that have important ramifications for their understanding and translation.

Estimating the Effects of Nanoparticles on Neuronal Field Potentials Based on Their Effects on Single Neurons In Vitro

2018 ◽  
pp. 149-169
Author(s):  
Michael Busse ◽  
Narsis Salafzoon ◽  
Annette Kraegeloh ◽  
David R. Stevens ◽  
Daniel J. Strauss
Keyword(s):  
Field Potentials ◽  
Single Neurons

scholarly journals Sentential Negation in North-eastern Gallo-Romance dialects: insights from the Atlas Linguistique de la France

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-207
Author(s):  
Heather Burnett
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Negative Data ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Sentential Negation ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Data Points ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis article argues that data from the Atlas Linguistique de la France (ALF, Edmont and Gilliéron, 1902–1910) can shed light on the fine-grained syntax of sentential negation in the Oïl dialects spoken in North Eastern France, Belgium and Switzerland. The Gallo-Romance dialects spoken in this area possess a larger variety of negative structures than those found in (Standard) French: in addition to ne…pas, ne can be followed by negations mie, pont or even appear alone. Although the dialects under study are highly endangered, I show how we can use syntactic data ‘hidden’ in the ALF to study their syntactic patterns. I present a quantitative study of variation in sentential negation in authentic transcriptions and French translations of the 22 negative data points in the ALF at 150 points in France, Belgium and Switzerland (N = 2989). I show that the pont form is significantly more frequent in negative constructions with ‘weak NPs’ (de phrases) and that there is a significant correlation between dropping of secondary negation and the ability of the secondary negation mie to be realized as an enclitic -m. This study supports Dagnac (2018)’s conclusion that the ALF is an invaluable tool for the study of syntactic microvariation in France.

How Visual Expertise Changes Representational Geometry: A Behavioral and Neural Perspective

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Stefanie Duyck ◽  
Farah Martens ◽  
Chiu-Yueh Chen ◽  
Hans Op de Beeck
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Visual Expertise ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Behavioral Level ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Neural Information Processing ◽  
Subordinate Level ◽  
And Task

Abstract Many people develop expertise in specific domains of interest, such as chess, microbiology, radiology, and, the case in point in our study: ornithology. It is poorly understood to what extent such expertise alters brain function. Previous neuroimaging studies of expertise have typically focused upon the category level, for example, selectivity for birds versus nonbird stimuli. We present a multivariate fMRI study focusing upon the representational similarity among objects of expertise at the subordinate level. We compare the neural representational spaces of experts and novices to behavioral judgments. At the behavioral level, ornithologists (n = 20) have more fine-grained and task-dependent representations of item similarity that are more consistent among experts compared to control participants. At the neural level, the neural patterns of item similarity are more distinct and consistent in experts than in novices, which is in line with the behavioral results. In addition, these neural patterns in experts show stronger correlations with behavior compared to novices. These findings were prominent in frontal regions, and some effects were also found in occipitotemporal regions. This study illustrates the potential of an analysis of representational geometry to understand to what extent expertise changes neural information processing.

scholarly journals Qualitative properties and relations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Plate
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Properties ◽  
States Of Affairs ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Traditional Understanding

AbstractThis paper is concerned with two concepts of qualitativeness that apply to intensional entities (i.e., properties, relations, and states of affairs). I propose an account of pure qualitativeness that largely follows the traditional understanding established by Carnap, and try to shed light on its ontological presuppositions. On this account, an intensional entity is purely qualitative iff it does not ‘involve’ any particular (i.e., anything that is not an intensional entity). An alternative notion of qualitativeness—which I propose to refer to as a concept of strict qualitativeness—has recently been introduced by Chad Carmichael. However, Carmichael’s definition presupposes a highly fine-grained conception of properties and relations. To eliminate this presupposition, I tentatively suggest a different definition that rests on a concept of perspicuous denotation. In the penultimate section, both concepts of qualitativeness are put to work in distinguishing between different ‘grades’ of qualitative discriminability.

scholarly journals Hierarchical organization of rhesus macaque behavior

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Voloh ◽  
Benjamin R. Eisenreich ◽  
David JN Maisson ◽  
R. Becket Ebitz ◽  
Hyun Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Macaque ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Primate Behavior ◽  
Behavioral Tracking ◽  
Hierarchical Nature ◽  
Continuous Measures ◽  
Male Rhesus ◽  
And Task

Primatologists, psychologists and neuroscientists have long hypothesized that primate behavior is highly structured. However, fully delineating that structure has been impossible due to the difficulties of precision behavioral tracking. Here we analyzed a dataset consisting of continuous measures of the 3D position of fifteen body landmarks from two male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) performing three different tasks in a large unrestrained environment over many hours. Using an unsupervised embedding approach on the tracked joints, we identified commonly repeated pose patterns, which we call postures. We found that macaques' behavior is characterized by 49 distinct identifiable postures, lasting an average of 0.6 seconds each. We found evidence that behavior is hierarchically organized, in that transitions between poses tend to occur within larger modules, which correspond to intuitively identifiably actions; these actions are in turn organized hierarchically. Our behavioral decomposition allows us to identify universal (cross-individual and cross-task) and unique (specific to each individual and task) principles of behavior. These results demonstrate the hierarchical nature of primate behavior and provide a method for the automated "ethogramming" of primate behavior.

Cultural conceptualisations of loong (龙) in Chinese idioms

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-589
Author(s):  
Xu Wen ◽  
Chuanhong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Human Cognition ◽  
Conceptual Metaphor Theory ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Cultural Schemas ◽  
Metaphor Theory ◽  
Concrete Entity ◽  
Chinese Idioms ◽  
Cultural Linguistics ◽  
Shed Light

Abstract This study investigates the abundant metaphorical meanings of the term loong (‘dragon’) in Chinese idioms and the cognitive and cultural factors that influence those meanings from the perspective of Cultural Linguistics. To this end, we present a systematic categorisation of the idiomatic expressions involving the term loong in Mandarin Chinese based on three conceptual metaphors: a human being is a loong, a concrete entity is a loong, and an abstract object is a loong. We then elaborate on the cultural conceptualisations of loong from three perspectives: cultural schemas, cultural categories, and cultural metaphors. The results of the study show how the metaphorical conceptualisations of loong are profoundly influenced by Chinese culture. The resulting study is intended to add to the pool of studies which lend support to the view that a fine-grained study of the metaphors of a particular culture and their linguistic realisation can shed light on how culture influences human cognition. Finally, the study calls for a clearer integration of cultural approaches into conceptual metaphor theory and it explores some possibilities in this regard.

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