Financing Vaccines for Global Health Security

AbstractRecent outbreaks of infectious pathogens such as Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19 have underscored the need for the dependable availability of vaccines against emerging infectious diseases (EIDs). The cost and risk of R&D programs and uniquely unpredictable demand for EID vaccines have discouraged vaccine developers, and government and nonprofit agencies have been unable to provide timely or sufficient incentives for their development and sustained supply. We analyze the economic returns of a portfolio of EID vaccine assets, and find that under realistic financing assumptions, the expected returns are significantly negative, implying that the private sector is unlikely to address this need without public-sector intervention. We have sized the financing deficit for this portfolio and propose several potential solutions, including price increases, enhanced public-private partnerships, and subscription models through which individuals would pay annual fees to obtain access to a portfolio of vaccines in the event of an outbreak.

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The threat of thinking in threats: reframing global health during and after COVID-19

Zeitschrift für Friedens- und Konfliktforschung ◽

10.1007/s42597-020-00049-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Elena Sondermann ◽

Cornelia Ulbert

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Global Health Security ◽

Health Security ◽

Policy Choices ◽

Normative Framework ◽

The World ◽

Health Threats ◽

Complex Lines

Abstract Narratives and metaphors shape how actors perceive the world around them and how policymakers frame the range of policy choices they think of as feasible. The metaphor of war and the narrative of how to tackle the unprecedented threat of COVID-19 are effective mechanisms to convey urgency. However, they also bear serious implications: Thinking in terms of health threats works with a logic of exceptionalism, which supports images of “us” vs. an “enemy” thereby shortening complex lines of causality and responsibility and privileging national answers. It fails to provide for a normative framework for drafting long-term systemic approaches. In this contribution, we critically engage with existing narratives of global health security and show how the logic of exceptionalism is limiting the current responses to the pandemic. We conceptualize an alternative narrative that is based on the logic of solidarity and argue that within this alternative framing a more sustainable and ultimately more just way of coping with infectious diseases will be possible.

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One Health: its recent evolution and driving issues

Microbiology Australia ◽

10.1071/ma12137 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 137

Author(s):

John MacKenzie ◽

Martyn Jeggo

Keyword(s):

Influenza Virus ◽

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

Animal Health ◽

Nipah Virus ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

H1n1 Influenza ◽

Species Barrier ◽

Health Security

Global health security has become a major concern, particularly the threats to human and animal health from the emergence and re-emergence of epidemic-prone infectious diseases, as well as the significant and growing impact of these outbreaks on national and international economies. It has long been known that many of these diseases can cross the species barrier between humans, wildlife and domestic animals, and indeed over 70% of novel emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, that is, have their origins in animal reservoirs. There have been many recent examples of this trend, the most dramatic being recently the SARS epidemic ? the first major threat to global health from a novel zoonotic disease in the new Millennium. Other recent examples include the H1N1 influenza virus pandemic; the spread of Nipah virus into Bangladesh and India; and perhaps the most important of all, the ongoing concerns of a highly virulent influenza pandemic due to avian influenza virus (H5N1).

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The Chronicle of a Disease Foretold: Pandemic H1N1 and the Construction of a Global Health Security Threat

Political Studies ◽

10.1111/j.1467-9248.2011.00925.x ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 59 (4) ◽

pp. 797-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Thomas Abraham

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Pandemic Influenza ◽

Influenza Pandemic ◽

The United States ◽

Global Health Security ◽

Security Threat ◽

Health Security ◽

The Impact

The period beginning in 2004 saw an extraordinary spurt in attention paid to avian and pandemic influenza in the United States and at the global level. A disease that for decades had languished in the ‘dull but worthy’ category of infectious diseases was elevated to a risk to global health security. The securitisation of influenza was not unproblematic. The influenza pandemic of 2009 turned out to be far milder than anticipated, and much of the scientific basis on which planning had proceeded and resources had been mobilised turned out to be wrong. Developing countries with other disease priorities were urged to pour resources into pandemic planning exercises and change poultry-raising practices. The article argues that for an issue to be securitised as a global health threat, it is essential that the United States takes the lead role (or at the very least supports efforts by other leading powers). It uses the Copenhagen School's analysis to examine how avian and pandemic influenza was securitised in the United States, and then uses the concept of framing to examine why this disease was securitised by looking at the prior existence of an issue culture or discourse around emerging infectious diseases, which gained salience after the 2011 anthrax attacks. It finally looks at the impact of securitisation on countries with different priorities.

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Case reports on dangerous infectious diseases: a review of patient consent

BMJ Military Health ◽

10.1136/jramc-2018-000949 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 166 (3) ◽

pp. 179-180

Author(s):

Kieran Walsh

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Case Reports ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Health Security ◽

Patient Consent ◽

Tier 1 ◽

Control And Prevention ◽

Deliberate Release ◽

Care Guidelines

Case reports are commonly used to describe new infectious diseases. In the past 20 years, there have been an increasing number of emerging infectious diseases that could constitute a major threat to global health security (through naturally occurring pandemics or deliberate release of infectious agents). It is vitally important that case reports related to infectious diseases are written up according to the highest possible standards and that guidelines regarding patient consent to publish are followed. So, do case reports that relate to dangerous infectious diseases follow guidance related to patient consent? To help find the answer to this question, I looked at a sample of case reports published on PubMed between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2016. I searched for freely available full-text reports of infections that affected humans. The search was conducted for case reports on infectious diseases that pose the greatest risk to global health—infections that have been classified as Tier 1 agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. An assessment was carried out as to whether the identified case reports satisfied the criteria related to consent as outlined in the CARE guidelines. In total, 71 case reports were found. These were related to Ebola, Botulism, Yersinia and Tularaemia. The authors stated that they had obtained consent to publish in 17 of these case reports. Only a minority of published case reports on extremely dangerous pathogens contain documented evidence that consent was obtained from the patient in question. In this sample, 24% of case reports contained such evidence regarding consent.

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Migrants and Growing Global Health Security Challenges after COVID-19 Outbreak

Global Strategic and Securities Review ◽

10.31703/gsssr.2021(vi-ii).07 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol VI (II) ◽

pp. 66-74

Author(s):

Muhammad Ijaz Latif ◽

Rubina Ali ◽

Inamullah Jan

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

First Century ◽

Population Mobility ◽

Global Health Security ◽

Health Security ◽

Global Challenge ◽

Preparedness Planning ◽

Security Challenges ◽

Comprehensive Health

Migrants and prevailing infectious diseases have become a more complex global challenge in the twenty-first century. Migration is a multi-faceted socio cultural phenomenon that impact has increased dramatically in the field of health and epidemic diseases. The global mobility of a person is a fundamental dynamic in the emergence of infectious diseases such as Coronavirus, TB, HIV /AIDS, Malaria, SARS and Ebola. Population mobility and growing circulatation of migrats poses global health security challenges. The comprehensive health policy is a base for combating infectious diseases at global level. The prime aim of this paper is to capture the gaps to manage health problems which are associated with migrants. So, this study shows, how surveillance, monitoring, early warning can combat the serious health threats of migrants. The preparedness, planning and coordination policies, can tackle the emergency in large occurrence of infectious diseases mainly COVID-19.

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Casualties of preparedness: the Global Health Security Index and COVID-19

International Journal of Law in Context ◽

10.1017/s1744552321000288 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 204-214

Author(s):

Manjari Mahajan

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Global Health ◽

Emerging Infectious Diseases ◽

Global Health Security ◽

Health Security ◽

Prevailing Paradigm ◽

Political Determinants ◽

The Us ◽

Security Index ◽

The Uk

AbstractThe 2019 Global Health Security Index (GHS Index) assessed the US and the UK as the two countries best prepared to address a catastrophic pandemic. The preparedness rankings of this index have had little correlation with the actual experiences of COVID-19 in various countries. In explaining this disrepancy, the paper argues that better indicators and more data would not have fixed the problem. Rather, the prevailing paradigm of global health security that informs instruments such as the GHS Index needs to be interrogated. This dominant paradigm narrowly conceptualises global health security in terms of the availability of a technical infrastructure to detect emerging infectious diseases and prevent their contagion, but profoundly undertheorises the broader social and political determinants of public health. The neglect of social and political features is amplified in instruments such as the GHS Index that privilege universalised templates presumed to apply across countries but that prove to be inadequate in assessing how individual societies draw on their unique histories to craft public health responses.

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An evaluation of the global health security agenda steering group governance interventions

European Journal of Public Health ◽

10.1093/eurpub/ckaa166.174 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽

Author(s):

N E DeShore ◽

J A Johnson ◽

P Malone ◽

R Greenhill ◽

W Wuenstal

Keyword(s):

Global Health ◽

Health System ◽

System Performance ◽

Health System Performance ◽

Global Health Security ◽

Member States ◽

Health Security ◽

Governance Indicators ◽

Positive Effect ◽

Global Health Security Agenda

Abstract Background Member States lack of compliance with 2005 IHR implementation led to the launched of the Global Health Security Agenda. This research will provide an understanding of how the Global Health Security Agenda Steering Group (GHSA SG) governance interventions impact health system performance and global health security. This will enhance the understanding of a Steering Group's governance interventions in complex Global Health initiatives. Research questions: To what extent have GHSA SG governance interventions contributed towards enabling health system performance of WHO Member States? To what extent have GHSA SG governance interventions contributed towards the implementation of global health security among WHO Member States? Methods Correlational analysis using Spearman's rho examined the relationship between governance, health system performance and global health security variables at one point in time. A convenience non-probability sample consisting of eight WHO Member States was used. SPSS Statistics generated the bivariate correlation analyzes. Results Governance and health system performance analysis indicated a statistically significant strong positive effect size in 11 out of 18 and moderate positive effect size in the remaining seven out of 18 health system performance indicators. Governance and global health security analysis concluded three of the governance indicators had strong and moderate positive coefficients. Global health security variables demonstrated weak effects in the remaining three governance indicators. Conclusions This study presents a case for health systems embedding in global health security. Health system performance is only as effective at protecting populations when countries achieve core capacities of preparedness and response to global health threats. The associations provide stakeholders information about key characteristics of governance that influence health system performance and global health security implementation. Key messages This study provides an argument for the continued support of the GHSA 2024 Framework with implementation of global health security capabilities and meeting 2005 IHR requirements. The GHSA SG governance role remains profoundly important in establishing sustainable efforts internationally towards achieving the objectives of the GHSA in support of the 2005 IHR standards.

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