scholarly journals Common maternal and fetal genetic variants show expected polygenic effects on the probability of being born small- or large-for-gestational-age (SGA or LGA), except in the smallest 3% of babies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin N Beaumont ◽  
Sarah J Kotecha ◽  
Andrew R. Wood ◽  
Bridget A. Knight ◽  
Sylvain Sebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Common Genetic Variation ◽  
Genetic Contributions

AbstractBabies born clinically Small- or Large-for-Gestational-Age (SGA or LGA; sex- and gestational age-adjusted birth weight (BW) <10th or >90th percentile, respectively), are at higher risks of complications. SGA and LGA include babies who have experienced growth-restriction or overgrowth, respectively, and babies who are naturally small or large. However, the relative proportions within each group are unclear. We aimed to assess the extent to which the genetics of normal variation in birth weight influence the probability of SGA/LGA. We calculated independent fetal and maternal genetic scores (GS) for BW in 12,125 babies and 5,187 mothers. These scores capture the direct fetal and indirect maternal (via intrauterine environment) genetic contributions to BW, respectively. We also calculated maternal fasting glucose (FG) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) GS. We tested associations between each GS and probability of SGA or LGA. For the BW GS, we used simulations to assess evidence of deviation from an expected polygenic model.Higher BW GS were strongly associated with lower odds of SGA and higher odds of LGA (ORfetal=0.65 (0.60,0.71) and 1.47 (1.36,1.59); ORmaternal=0.80 (0.76,0.87) and 1.23 (1.15,1.31), respectively per 1 decile higher GS). Associations were in accordance with a polygenic model except in the smallest 3% of babies (Pfetal=0.0034, Pmaternal=0.023). Higher maternal GS for FG and SBP were associated with higher odds of LGA and SGA respectively (both P<0.01). While lower maternal FG and SBP are generally considered healthy in pregnancy, we found some evidence of association with higher odds of SGA (P=0.015) and LGA (P=0.14) respectively.We conclude that common genetic variants contribute to risk of SGA and LGA, but that additional factors become more important for risk of SGA in the smallest 3% of babies. Naturally low maternal glucose and blood pressure levels may additionally contribute to risk of SGA and LGA, respectively.Author SummaryBabies in the lowest or highest 10% of the population distribution of birth weight (BW) for a given gestational age are referred to as Small- or Large-for-Gestational-Age (SGA or LGA) respectively. These babies have higher risks of complications compared to babies with BW closer to the mean. SGA and LGA babies may have experienced growth restriction or overgrowth, respectively, but may alternatively just be at the tail ends of the normal growth distribution. The relative proportions of normal vs. sub-optimal growth within these groups is unclear. To examine the role of common genetic variation in SGA and LGA, we tested their associations with a fetal genetic score (GS) for BW in 12,125 European-ancestry individuals. We also tested associations with maternal GS (5,187 mothers) for offspring BW, fasting glucose and systolic blood pressure, each of which influences fetal growth via the in utero environment. We found all fetal and maternal GS were associated with SGA and LGA, supporting strong maternal and fetal genetic contributions to birth weight in both tails of the distribution. However, within the smallest 3% of babies, the maternal and fetal GS for BW were higher than expected, suggesting factors additional to common genetic variation are more important in determining birth weight in these very small babies.

scholarly journals Common maternal and fetal genetic variants show expected polygenic effects on risk of small- or large-for-gestational-age (SGA or LGA), except in the smallest 3% of babies

PLoS Genetics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e1009191
Author(s):  
Robin N. Beaumont ◽  
Sarah J. Kotecha ◽  
Andrew R. Wood ◽  
Bridget A. Knight ◽  
Sylvain Sebert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Fasting Glucose ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Intrauterine Environment ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Polygenic Model ◽  
Common Genetic Variants ◽  
Genetic Contributions

Babies born clinically Small- or Large-for-Gestational-Age (SGA or LGA; sex- and gestational age-adjusted birth weight (BW) <10th or >90th percentile, respectively), are at higher risks of complications. SGA and LGA include babies who have experienced environment-related growth-restriction or overgrowth, respectively, and babies who are heritably small or large. However, the relative proportions within each group are unclear. We assessed the extent to which common genetic variants underlying variation in birth weight influence the probability of being SGA or LGA. We calculated independent fetal and maternal genetic scores (GS) for BW in 11,951 babies and 5,182 mothers. These scores capture the direct fetal and indirect maternal (via intrauterine environment) genetic contributions to BW, respectively. We also calculated maternal fasting glucose (FG) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) GS. We tested associations between each GS and probability of SGA or LGA. For the BW GS, we used simulations to assess evidence of deviation from an expected polygenic model. Higher BW GS were strongly associated with lower odds of SGA and higher odds of LGA (ORfetal = 0.75 (0.71,0.80) and 1.32 (1.26,1.39); ORmaternal = 0.81 (0.75,0.88) and 1.17 (1.09,1.25), respectively per 1 decile higher GS). We found evidence that the smallest 3% of babies had a higher BW GS, on average, than expected from their observed birth weight (assuming an additive polygenic model: Pfetal = 0.014, Pmaternal = 0.062). Higher maternal SBP GS was associated with higher odds of SGA P = 0.005. We conclude that common genetic variants contribute to risk of SGA and LGA, but that additional factors become more important for risk of SGA in the smallest 3% of babies.

Colloid Osmotic Pressure in Newborn Infants: Variations with Birth Weight, Gestational Age, Total Serum Solids, and Mean Arterial Pressure

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 814-819
Author(s):  
Paul Y. K. Wu ◽  
Gary Rockwell ◽  
Linda Chan ◽  
Shu-Mei Wang ◽  
Vikram Udani
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Small For Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Colloid Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Arterial Blood

Colloid osmotic pressure (COP) of blood was measured directly at birth with the Wescor membrane colloid osmometer (model 4100) in 91 appropriately grown, 11 large, and nine small for gestational age "well" newborn infants. COP correlated directly with birth weight (r = .726, P &lt; .00001) and gestational age (r = .753, P &lt; .00001). COP values for small for gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) infants were found to fall within the 95% prediction interval with regard to birth weight and gestational age for appropriate for gestational age (AGA) infants. Simultaneous measurements of COP, total serum solids, and central arterial mean blood pressure were made. The results showed that COP correlated directly with total serum solids (r = .89, P &lt; .0001) and mean arterial blood pressure (r = .660, P &lt; .001). Among the factors evaluated, total serum solids was the best predictor of COP.

scholarly journals 2-Hour Postload Serum Glucose Levels and Maternal Blood Pressure as Independent Predictors of Birth Weight in “Appropriate for Gestational Age” Neonates in Healthy Nondiabetic Pregnancies

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Jumana Saleh ◽  
Lovina Machado ◽  
Zahra Razvi
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Appropriate For Gestational Age ◽  
Sugar Levels

Introduction. Increased neonatal birth weight (NBW), often associated with diabetic pregnancies, is a recognized indicator of childhood obesity and future metabolic risk. Predictors of NBW in healthy non-diabetic pregnancies are not yet established. Here, we investigated the association of maternal parameters of healthy non-diabetic mothers with NBW of their “appropriate-for-gestational age” neonates.Methods. The study involved 36 healthy mother/infant pairs. Examined parameters included NBW, maternal age, first and last trimester (BMI), weight gain, fasting serum lipids and glucose, 2-hour postload glucose levels and blood pressure.Results. Postload-glucose levels were significantly higher in mothers of heavier neonates. ANOVA results indicated that 15% increase in postload-glucose levels corresponded to more than 0.5 Kg increase in NBW in the third tertile. NBW correlated positively with postload glucose levels, and negatively with systolic blood pressure. Regression analysis showed that the main predictors of NBW were postload-glucose levels (B=0.455,P=0.003), followed by systolic blood pressure (B=−0.447,P=0.004), together predicting 31.7% NBW variation.Conclusion. This study highlights that increased maternal postload sugar levels and blood pressure, within the normal range, highly predicts NBW of healthy mothers. These findings may provide focus for early dietary intervention measures to avoid future risks to the mother and baby.

scholarly journals Early Postnatal Metabolic Profile in Neonates With Different Birth Weight Status: A Pilot Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serdar Beken ◽  
Saygin Abali ◽  
Neslihan Yildirim Saral ◽  
Bengisu Guner ◽  
Taha Dinc ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Weight Status ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Ponderal Index ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Metabolic Disturbances ◽  
Intrauterine Growth

Introduction: Restricted or enhanced intrauterine growth is associated with elevated risks of early and late metabolic problems in humans. Metabolomics based on amino acid and carnitine/acylcarnitine profile may have a role in fetal and early postnatal energy metabolism. In this study, the relationship between intrauterine growth status and early metabolomics profile was evaluated.Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Three hundred and sixty-one newborn infants were enrolled into the study, and they were grouped according to their birth weight percentile as small for gestational age (SGA, n = 69), appropriate for gestational age (AGA, n = 168), and large for gestational age (LGA, n = 124) infants. In all infants, amino acid and carnitine/acylcarnitine profiles with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were recorded and compared between groups.Results: LGA infants had higher levels of glutamic acid and lower levels of ornithine, alanine, and glycine (p &lt; 0.05) when compared with AGA infants. SGA infants had higher levels of alanine and glycine levels when compared with AGA and LGA infants. Total carnitine, C0, C2, C4, C5, C10:1, C18:1, C18:2, C14-OH, and C18:2-OH levels were significantly higher and C3 and C6-DC levels were lower in SGA infants (p &lt; 0.05). LGA infants had higher C3 and C5:1 levels and lower C18:2 and C16:1-OH levels (p &lt; 0.05). There were positive correlations between free carnitine and phenylalanine, arginine, methionine, alanine, and glycine levels (p &lt; 0.05). Also, a positive correlation between ponderal index and C3, C5-DC, C14, and C14:1 and a negative correlation between ponderal index and ornithine, alanine, glycine, C16:1-OH, and C18:2 were shown.Conclusion: We demonstrated differences in metabolomics possibly reflecting the energy metabolism in newborn infants with intrauterine growth problems in the early postnatal period. These differences might be the footprints of metabolic disturbances in future adulthood.

Abstract P176: Associations of Gestational Lipids and Apolipoproteins With Pregnancy Outcomes: The Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M Perak ◽  
Alan Kuang ◽  
Nicola Lancki ◽  
Darwin R Labarthe ◽  
Svati H Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Pregnancy Outcomes ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy Outcome ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Obstetric Outcomes ◽  
Outcome Study ◽  
Adverse Pregnancy

Introduction: Gestational hyperlipidemia has traditionally been considered physiologic and benign, but the significance of inter-individual variation in lipid levels for maternal-fetal health are poorly understood. We examined associations of gestational lipids and apolipoproteins with adverse obstetric and neonatal outcomes. Methods: Data from the Hyperglycemia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome Study were analyzed, including 1,813 mother-child dyads from 9 field centers in 6 countries: US (25%), Barbados (24%), UK (20%), China (16%), Thailand (8%), and Canada (7%). Fasting lipids and apolipoproteins were directly measured at a mean of 28 (range 23-34) weeks’ gestation. Cord blood was collected at delivery, neonatal anthropometrics were measured within 72 hours, and medical records were abstracted for obstetric outcomes. Logistic regression was utilized to test associations of lipids and apolipoproteins (per +1 SD; log-transformed if skewed) with pregnancy outcomes, adjusted for center, demographics, and maternal covariates such as BMI, blood pressure, and glycemia. Results: See Table for lipid and apolipoprotein levels in pregnant mothers. In fully adjusted models ( Table ), 1 SD higher log-triglycerides (i.e., ~2.7-fold higher triglyceride level) in late pregnancy was significantly associated with higher odds for preeclampsia (OR 1.53 [95% CI, 1.15-2.05]), large for gestational age infant (1.42 [1.21-1.67]), and infant insulin sensitivity <10 th percentile (1.25 [1.03-1.50]), but not with unplanned primary cesarean section or infant sum of skinfolds >90 th percentile. There were no significant associations of maternal HDL-C, LDL-C, or log-ApoB/A1 ratio with any outcome. Conclusion: Triglyceride levels in the latter half of pregnancy were uniquely associated with both maternal risks (preeclampsia) and neonatal risks (large for gestational age and insulin resistance), even after adjustment for maternal BMI, blood pressure, and glycemia.

scholarly journals Risk of small for gestational age babies in preterm delivery due to pregnancy-induced hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima Irwinda ◽  
Budi Iman Santoso ◽  
Raymond Surya ◽  
Lidia Firmiaty Nembo
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Preterm Births ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Large For Gestational Age ◽  
Fisher Exact Test ◽  
Pregnancy Induced Hypertension ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Induced Hypertension ◽  
The Impact

BACKGROUND Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) causes high maternal morbidity and mortality worldwide. This study aims to assess the impact of PIH on fetal growth according to gestational age in preterm deliveries.METHODS A prospective cohort study using secondary data was undertaken in Ende District, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia from September 2014 to August 2015. The t-test was performed to compare mean birth weight based on gestational week between normotensive and PIH women, continued by linear regression. The chi-square or Fisher exact test was also conducted to determine the probability of birthing small for the gestational age (SGA) and large for gestational age (LGA) babies between normotensive and PIH women.RESULTS A total of 1,673 deliveries were recorded in Ende Hospital over the 1-year study period, among which 182 cases involved preterm births. The PIH group had lower birth weight than normotensive women at each gestational age starting from 32–35 weeks (p=0.004; 95% CI 150.84–771.36). Normotensive women at gestational ages of 32 (p=0.05; 95% CI 0.01–0.83), 34 (p=0.37; 95% CI 0.01–4.12), and 36 (p=0.31; 95% CI 0.02–2.95) weeks had a lower risk of birthing SGA babies than PIH women; LGA babies were recorded at gestational ages of 33 (p=1.00; 95% CI 0.07–37.73) and 35 (p=0.31; 95% CI 0.34–63.07) weeks.CONCLUSIONS Poor perfusion of the uteroplacental is one of the reasons behind intrauterine growth restriction, which results in SGA babies born to PIH women.

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