scholarly journals Emission rates of species-specific volatiles change across communities of Clarkia species: Evidence for character displacement in floral scent

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine E. Eisen ◽  
Monica A. Geber ◽  
Robert A. Raguso
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Flower Size ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Community Types ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
A Current

AbstractA current frontier of character displacement research is to determine if displacement occurs via multiple phenotypic pathways and varies across communities with different species compositions. Here, we conducted the first test for context-dependent character displacement in multimodal floral signals by analyzing variation in floral scent in a system that exhibits character displacement in flower size, and that has multiple types of sympatric communities. In a greenhouse common garden experiment, we measured quantitative variation in volatile emission rates of the progeny of two species of Clarkia from replicated communities that contain one, two, or four Clarkia species. The first two axes of a constrained correspondence analysis, which explained 24 percent of the total variation in floral scent, separated the species and community types, respectively. Of the 23 compounds that were significantly correlated with these axes, nine showed patterns consistent with character displacement. Two compounds produced primarily by C. unguiculata and two compounds produced primarily by C. cylindrica were emitted in higher amounts in sympatry. Character displacement in some volatiles varied across sympatric communities and occurred in parallel with displacement in flower size, demonstrating that this evolutionary process can be context-dependent and may occur through multiple pathways.

scholarly journals Soil chemical legacies trigger species‐specific and context‐dependent root responses in later arriving plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin M. Delory ◽  
Hannes Schempp ◽  
Sina Maria Spachmann ◽  
Laura Störzer ◽  
Nicole M. van Dam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Responses ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Species Specific

scholarly journals The effect of flooding on the exchange of the volatile C<sub>2</sub>-compounds ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid between leaves of Amazonian floodplain tree species and the atmosphere

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1085-1100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rottenberger ◽  
B. Kleiss ◽  
U. Kuhn ◽  
A. Wolf ◽  
M. T. F. Piedade ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Ethanol Production ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Proton Transfer Reaction ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Enzymatic Oxidation ◽  
Tree Seedlings ◽  
Emission Rates ◽  
Transpiration Stream ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract. The effect of root inundation on the leaf emissions of ethanol, acetaldehyde and acetic acid in relation to assimilation and transpiration was investigated with 2–3 years old tree seedlings of four Amazonian floodplain species by applying dynamic cuvette systems under greenhouse conditions. Emissions were monitored over a period of several days of inundation using a combination of Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS) and conventional techniques (HPLC, ion chromatography). Under non-flooded conditions, none of the species exhibited measurable emissions of any of the compounds, but rather low deposition of acetaldehyde and acetic acid was observed instead. Tree species specific variations in deposition velocities were largely due to variations in stomatal conductance. Flooding of the roots resulted in leaf emissions of ethanol and acetaldehyde by all species, while emissions of acetic acid were only observed from the species exhibiting the highest ethanol and acetaldehyde emission rates. All three compounds showed a similar diurnal emission profile, each displaying an emission burst in the morning, followed by a decline in the evening. This concurrent behavior supports the conclusion, that all three compounds emitted by the leaves are derived from ethanol produced in the roots by alcoholic fermentation, transported to the leaves with the transpiration stream and finally partly converted to acetaldehyde and acetic acid by enzymatic processes. Co-emissions and peaking in the early morning suggest that root ethanol, after transportation with the transpiration stream to the leaves and enzymatic oxidation to acetaldehyde and acetate, is the metabolic precursor for all compounds emitted, though we can not totally exclude other production pathways. Emission rates substantially varied among tree species, with maxima differing by up to two orders of magnitude (25–1700 nmol m−2 min−1 for ethanol and 5–500 nmol m−2 min−1 for acetaldehyde). Acetic acid emissions reached 12 nmol m−2 min−1. The observed differences in emission rates between the tree species are discussed with respect to their root adaptive strategies to tolerate long term flooding, providing an indirect line of evidence that the root ethanol production is a major factor determining the foliar emissions. Species which develop morphological root structures allowing for enhanced root aeration produced less ethanol and showed much lower emissions compared to species which lack gas transporting systems, and respond to flooding with substantially enhanced fermentation rates and a non-trivial loss of carbon to the atmosphere. The pronounced differences in the relative emissions of ethanol to acetaldehyde and acetic acid between the tree species indicate that not only the ethanol production in the roots but also the metabolic conversion in the leaf is an important factor determining the release of these compounds to the atmosphere.

Altitudinal Variation in, and Morphological Divergence between, Three Related Species of Grasshopper, Praxibulus sp., Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usitatus (Orthoptera:Acrididae)

1980 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
NA Campbell ◽  
JM Dearn
Keyword(s):  
Related Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Altitudinal Variation ◽  
Multivariate Statistical ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Parallel Change ◽  
Variable Character ◽  
Multivariate Statistical Approach ◽  
Species Specific

Morphological variation between and within the closely related species Praxibuius sp.. Kosciuscola cognatus and K. usiratus has been examined along three independent altitudinal transects, by a multivariate statistical approach. The analyses, which were restricted to males. show that there is complete morphological separation between the three species. Moreover. there are species-specific patterns of character correlation which are consistent and relatively invariant within species, and do not exhibit altitudinal variation. The results suggest that there exist both distinct invariant species-specific character patterns and variable character patterns showing intraspecific variation. It is concluded that speciation in these grasshoppers could have involved genetic changes quite distinct from those involved in local intraspecific adaptation. Two further results are: first. evidence has been obtained for character displacement between Kosciuscola cognaius and Praxibulus sp. in an area of extensive sympatry: second. populations of K. cognatus along one transect, with a karyotype intermediate between typical K. cognatus and X usiiatus, show a parallel change in morphology towards that characteristic of K. usiiatus.

Some like it hot? Developmental differences in Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata) tadpoles from geographically close but different habitats

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dittrich ◽  
S. Drakulić ◽  
M. Schellenberg ◽  
J. Thein ◽  
M.-O. Rödel
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Developmental Time ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Future Climate Change ◽  
Term Survival ◽  
Species Population ◽  
Bombina Variegata ◽  
Species Specific

The key for the long-term survival of species is their potential to respond to changing conditions. These reactions are usually species-specific and may vary between populations. The Yellow-bellied Toad (Bombina variegata (L., 1758)) occurs in forested and open areas. We wanted to know whether tadpoles react plastically to different environmental conditions, and if so, whether reaction norms are species, population, or season specific. In a common garden experiment, we compared developmental traits (developmental time, size, body condition) of metamorphs from different habitats (forest vs. quarry) in close geographic proximity. Tadpoles from both habitats grew up under shaded and sunny conditions. The experiments were run during early and late breeding season. We detected different developmental strategies between populations, concerning treatments and season on a microgeographic scale. Tadpoles with quarry origin developed faster and reached larger body sizes, at the expense of lower body condition. Major risks affecting tadpole’s survival in the open habitat are high temperatures and high desiccation. Forest tadpoles were comparatively smaller in size, but showed higher plasticity and higher body condition. Under changing climatic conditions, quarry population may reach temperatures above their thermal limits. In contrast, forest conditions may mitigate increasing temperatures. Forest populations could be better adapted to future climate change.

scholarly journals Evolution of a novel and adaptive floral scent in wild tobacco

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Guo ◽  
Nathalie D. Lackus ◽  
Tobias G. Köllner ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Julia Bing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Nicotiana Attenuata ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Isoflavone Reductase ◽  
Floral Volatile ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractMany plants emit diverse floral scents that mediate plant-environment interactions and attain reproductive success. However, how plants evolve novel adaptive floral volatiles remains unclear. Here, we show that in the wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, a dominant species-specific floral volatile (benzyl acetone, BA) that attracts pollinators and deters florivore is synthesized by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4 (NaPAL4), isoflavone reductase 3 (NaIFR3), and chalcone synthase 3 (NaCHAL3). Transient expression of NaFIR3 alone in N. attenuata leaves is sufficient and necessary for ectopic foliar BA emissions, and the BA emission level is increased by co-expressing NaIFR3 with NaPAL4 and NaCHAL3. Independent changes in transcription in all three genes contributed to intraspecific variations of floral BA emission. However, among species, the gain-of-expression in NaIFR3 resulted in the biosynthesis of BA that was only found in N. attenuata. This study suggests that novel metabolic pathways associated with adaptation can arise via re-configurations of gene expression.

scholarly journals Selection analysis on the rapid evolution of a secondary sexual trait

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1813) ◽  
pp. 20151244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swanne P. Gordon ◽  
David Reznick ◽  
Jeff D. Arendt ◽  
Allen Roughton ◽  
Michelle N. Ontiveros Hernandez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Success ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Common Garden ◽  
Evolutionary Change ◽  
Black Pigment ◽  
Sexually Selected Traits ◽  
Evolutionary Response ◽  
In The Wild

Evolutionary analyses of population translocations (experimental or accidental) have been important in demonstrating speed of evolution because they subject organisms to abrupt environmental changes that create an episode of selection. However, the strength of selection in such studies is rarely measured, limiting our understanding of the evolutionary process. This contrasts with long-term, mark–recapture studies of unmanipulated populations that measure selection directly, yet rarely reveal evolutionary change. Here, we present a study of experimental evolution of male colour in Trinidadian guppies where we tracked both evolutionary change and individual-based measures of selection. Guppies were translocated from a predator-rich to a low-predation environment within the same stream system. We used a combination of common garden experiments and monthly sampling of individuals to measure the phenotypic and genetic divergence of male coloration between ancestral and derived fish. Results show rapid evolutionary increases in orange coloration in both populations (1 year or three generations), replicating the results of previous studies. Unlike previous studies, we linked this evolution to an individual-based analysis of selection. By quantifying individual reproductive success and survival, we show, for the first time, that males with more orange and black pigment have higher reproductive success, but males with more black pigment also have higher risk of mortality. The net effect of selection is thus an advantage of orange but not black coloration, as reflected in the evolutionary response. This highlights the importance of considering all components of fitness when understanding the evolution of sexually selected traits in the wild.

scholarly journals Evolution of a Novel and Adaptive Floral Scent in Wild Tobacco

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 1090-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
Han Guo ◽  
Nathalie D Lackus ◽  
Tobias G Köllner ◽  
Ran Li ◽  
Julia Bing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Nicotiana Attenuata ◽  
Plant Environment ◽  
Intraspecific Variations ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Isoflavone Reductase ◽  
Floral Volatile ◽  
Species Specific

Abstract Many plants emit diverse floral scents that mediate plant–environment interactions and attain reproductive success. However, how plants evolve novel and adaptive biosynthetic pathways for floral volatiles remains unclear. Here, we show that in the wild tobacco, Nicotiana attenuata, a dominant species-specific floral volatile (benzyl acetone, BA) that attracts pollinators and deters florivore is synthesized by phenylalanine ammonia-lyase 4 (NaPAL4), isoflavone reductase 3 (NaIFR3), and chalcone synthase 3 (NaCHAL3). Transient expression of NaFIR3 alone in N. attenuata leaves is sufficient and necessary for ectopic foliar BA emissions, and coexpressing NaIFR3 with NaPAL4 and NaCHAL3 increased the BA emission levels. Independent changes in transcription of NaPAL4 and NaCHAL3 contributed to intraspecific variations of floral BA emission. However, among species, the gain of expression of NaIFR3 resulted in the biosynthesis of BA, which was only found in N. attenuata. This study suggests that novel metabolic pathways associated with adaptation can arise via reconfigurations of gene expression.

Visual and Acoustic Display in Uca Mordax and U. Burgersi, Sibling Species of Neotropical Fiddler Crabs. Ii. Vibration Signals

Behaviour ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 91 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 204-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich-Otto VON HAGEN
Keyword(s):  
Sibling Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Fiddler Crabs ◽  
Vibration Signals ◽  
Allopatric Populations ◽  
Interspecific Differences ◽  
Waving Display ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Common ◽  
Species Specific

AbstractThe sibling species of fiddler crabs, Uca mordax and U. burgersi, which are very similar in respect to morphology and many traits of their waving display (see part I of this study), were studied bioacoustically in Trinidad (W.I.). When recording their vibration signals (mainly in the laboratory) it was, at the same time, possible to directly observe the animals' underground activities. The dominant vibration signals of the two species were found to be extremely different: males of U. mordax emit rapping sounds ("drumwhirls") by ambulatory percussion, whereas males of U. burgersi produce "howling" sounds (with a varying number of harmonics) by cheliped convulsion, i.e. inconspicuous quivering movements of this appendage. Similar interspecific differences exist in the fainter vibration signals of females. Each of the two species is capable of producing other signals in addition to the prevalent ones mentioned: U. mordax can emit cheliped vibrations as well (though percussive ones) and U. burgersi can also produce ambulatory "drumwhirls". From these and other basic similarities and from comparisons with recordings of burgersi sounds from Colombia and allopatric populations in Florida, the common starting-point and the different evolutionary pathways leading to the two species-specific termini of acoustic display are reconstructed. The extreme differences that were found for the sympatric situation in Trinidad are regarded as an example of character displacement. Apparently, the acoustic communication system of these crabs is much more affected by character displacement than the visual one.

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