scholarly journals Recruitment of Archaeal DTD is a Key Event in the Emergence of Land Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Mazeed ◽  
Raghvendra Singh ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Bakthisaran Raman ◽  
Shobha P. Kruparani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Transfer Event ◽  
Architectural Innovation ◽  
History Of

AbstractLand plant evolution is a major leap in the history of life that took place during the Neoproterozoic Era (∼800 Mya). Charophyceae, a class of rhyzophytic green algae emerged as a land plant with innovations in biochemical, cytological and developmental adaptations and played a crucial role in establishing life on the land1,2. One such striking architectural innovation is “root” that experience harsh environmental assaults such as floods, waterlogging and therefore is the epicentre for anaerobic fermentation, which produces toxic acetaldehyde3. Here, we show that such produced acetaldehyde makes N-ethyl-adducts on a central component of translation machinery aa-tRNA. The Plant kingdom is unique among life forms in possessing two chirality-based proofreading systems represented by D-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylases (DTD1 and DTD2), derived from Bacteria and Archaea4. We identified a unique role of archaeal derived chiral proofreading module DTD2 that selectively deacylates N-ethyl-D-aminoacyl-tRNAs (NEDATs) in plants. NEDAT deacylase function is exclusive to DTD2, as no other proofreading modules with similar substrates like canonical DTD1 and peptidyl-tRNA hydrolase (PTH) can clear NEDATs. Thus, the study elucidates the cause of hypersensitivity of DTD2 knockout plants for both ethanol and acetaldehyde. We further show NEDAT elimination is rooted in Archaea which possess the biosynthesis machinery for ethanol fermentation similar to plants. While absent in other algal branches, DTD2 can be identified in plants from land plant ancestors-Charophytes onwards. DTD2 is the only gene that has only archaeal origin among the genes ascribed for architectural and genomic innovations that happened in the land plant ancestors. The work has uncovered an important gene transfer event from methanogenic archaea to the charophytes in the oldest terrestrial ecosystem bog that contains excess of D-amino acids and deprived of oxygen.

scholarly journals Recruitment of archaeal DTD is a key event toward the emergence of land plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. eabe8890
Author(s):  
Mohd Mazeed ◽  
Raghvendra Singh ◽  
Pradeep Kumar ◽  
Ankit Roy ◽  
Bakthisaran Raman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Elongation Factor ◽  
Methanogenic Archaea ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Land Plants ◽  
Central Component ◽  
Toxic Metabolite ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Transfer Event ◽  
Anaerobic Stress

Streptophyte algae emerged as a land plant with adaptations that eventually led to terrestrialization. Land plants encounter a range of biotic and abiotic stresses that elicit anaerobic stress responses. Here, we show that acetaldehyde, a toxic metabolite of anaerobic stress, targets and generates ethyl adducts on aminoacyl-tRNA, a central component of the translation machinery. However, elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu) safeguards l-aminoacyl-tRNA, but not d-aminoacyl-tRNA, from being modified by acetaldehyde. We identified a unique activity of archaeal-derived chiral proofreading module, d-aminoacyl-tRNA deacylase 2 (DTD2), that removes N-ethyl adducts formed on d-aminoacyl-tRNAs (NEDATs). Thus, the study provides the molecular basis of ethanol and acetaldehyde hypersensitivity in DTD2 knockout plants. We uncovered an important gene transfer event from methanogenic archaea to the ancestor of land plants. While missing in other algal lineages, DTD2 is conserved from streptophyte algae to land plants, suggesting its role toward the emergence and evolution of land plants.

scholarly journals Peculiar Evolutionary History of miR390-Guided TAS3-Like Genes in Land Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria S. Krasnikova ◽  
Denis V. Goryunov ◽  
Alexey V. Troitsky ◽  
Andrey G. Solovyev ◽  
Lydmila V. Ozerova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Physcomitrella Patens ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Marchantia Polymorpha ◽  
History Of ◽  
Molecular Machinery ◽  
Specific Mrnas ◽  
Land Plant Evolution ◽  
Phylogenetic Profiling

PCR-based approach was used as a phylogenetic profiling tool to probe genomic DNA samples from representatives of evolutionary distant moss taxa, namely, classes Bryopsida, Tetraphidopsida, Polytrichopsida, Andreaeopsida, and Sphagnopsida. We found relatives of allPhyscomitrella patensmiR390 and TAS3-like loci in these plant taxa excluding Sphagnopsida. Importantly, cloning and sequencing ofMarchantia polymorphagenomic DNA showed miR390 and TAS3-like sequences which were also found among genomic reads ofM. polymorphaat NCBI database. Our data suggest that the ancient plant miR390-dependent TAS molecular machinery firstly evolved to target AP2-like mRNAs in Marchantiophyta and only then both ARF- and AP2-specific mRNAs in mosses. The presented analysis shows that moss TAS3 families may undergone losses of tasiAP2 sites during evolution toward ferns and seed plants. These data confirm that miR390-guided genes coding for ARF- and AP2-specific ta-siRNAs have been gradually changed during land plant evolution.

scholarly journals From tree to architecture: how functional morphology of arborescence connects plant biology, evolution and physics

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anita Roth-Nebelsick ◽  
Tatiana Miranda ◽  
Martin Ebner ◽  
Wilfried Konrad ◽  
Christopher Traiser
Keyword(s):  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Ecological Niches ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Long Distance Transport ◽  
Theoretical Approaches ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Interfacial Physics ◽  
Plant Water Transport

AbstractTrees are the fundamental element of forest ecosystems, made possible by their mechanical qualities and their highly sophisticated conductive tissues. The evolution of trees, and thereby the evolution of forests, were ecologically transformative and affected climate and biogeochemical cycles fundamentally. Trees also offer a substantial amount of ecological niches for other organisms, such as epiphytes, creating a vast amount of habitats. During land plant evolution, a variety of different tree constructions evolved and their constructional principles are a subject of ongoing research. Understanding the “natural construction” of trees benefits strongly from methods and approaches from physics and engineering. Plant water transport is a good example for the ongoing demand for interdisciplinary efforts to unravel form-function relationships on vastly differing scales. Identification of the unique mechanism of water long-distance transport requires a solid basis of interfacial physics and thermodynamics. Studying tree functions by using theoretical approaches is, however, not a one-sided affair: The complex interrelationships between traits, functionality, trade-offs and phylogeny inspire engineers, physicists and architects until today.

A fossil record of land plant origins from charophyte algae

Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 373 (6556) ◽  
pp. 792-796 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul K. Strother ◽  
Clinton Foster
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Record ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Fossil Plant ◽  
Molecular Phylogenetic ◽  
History Of ◽  
Time Gap ◽  
Evolutionary Continuity

Molecular time trees indicating that embryophytes originated around 500 million years ago (Ma) during the Cambrian are at odds with the record of fossil plants, which first appear in the mid-Silurian almost 80 million years later. This time gap has been attributed to a missing fossil plant record, but that attribution belies the case for fossil spores. Here, we describe a Tremadocian (Early Ordovician, about 480 Ma) assemblage with elements of both Cambrian and younger embryophyte spores that provides a new level of evolutionary continuity between embryophytes and their algal ancestors. This finding suggests that the molecular phylogenetic signal retains a latent evolutionary history of the acquisition of the embryophytic developmental genome, a history that perhaps began during Ediacaran-Cambrian time but was not completed until the mid-Silurian (about 430 Ma).

scholarly journals A simple Agrobacterium-mediated stable transformation technique for the hornwort model Anthoceros agrestis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eftychios Frangedakis ◽  
Manuel Waller ◽  
Tomoaki Nishiyama ◽  
Hirokazu Tsukaya ◽  
Xia Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Genetic Manipulation ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Land Plant ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Stable Transformation ◽  
35S Promoter ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Transformation Technique ◽  
High Transformation

We have developed a simple Agrobacterium-mediated method for the stable transformation of the hornwort Anthoceros agrestis, the fifth bryophyte species for which a genetic manipulation technique becomes available. High transformation efficiency was achieved by using thallus tissue grown under low-light conditions. We generated a total of 216 transgenic A. agrestis lines expressing the β-Glucuronidase (GUS), cyan, green, and yellow fluorescent proteins under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter and several endogenous promoters. Nuclear and plasma membrane localization with multiple color fluorescent proteins was also confirmed. The transformation technique described here should pave the way for detailed molecular and genetic studies of hornwort biology, providing much needed insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying symbiosis, carbon-concentrating mechanism, RNA editing, and land plant evolution in general.

scholarly journals From cosmos to intelligent life: the four ages of astrobiology

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Gleiser
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Self Awareness ◽  
First Stars ◽  
History Of ◽  
Life On Earth ◽  
The Big Bang ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Intelligent Life

AbstractThe history of life on Earth and in other potential life-bearing planetary platforms is deeply linked to the history of the Universe. Since life, as we know, relies on chemical elements forged in dying heavy stars, the Universe needs to be old enough for stars to form and evolve. The current cosmological theory indicates that the Universe is 13.7 ± 0.13 billion years old and that the first stars formed hundreds of millions of years after the Big Bang. At least some stars formed with stable planetary systems wherein a set of biochemical reactions leading to life could have taken place. In this paper, I argue that we can divide cosmological history into four ages, from the Big Bang to intelligent life. The physical age describes the origin of the Universe, of matter, of cosmic nucleosynthesis, as well as the formation of the first stars and Galaxies. The chemical age began when heavy stars provided the raw ingredients for life through stellar nucleosynthesis and describes how heavier chemical elements collected in nascent planets and Moons gave rise to prebiotic biomolecules. The biological age describes the origin of early life, its evolution through Darwinian natural selection and the emergence of complex multicellular life forms. Finally, the cognitive age describes how complex life evolved into intelligent life capable of self-awareness and of developing technology through the directed manipulation of energy and materials. I conclude discussing whether we are the rule or the exception.

The Rise and Rise of K-Pop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Howard
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Hip Hop ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Gender And Sexuality ◽  
Music Videos ◽  
Cultural Economy ◽  
Central Component ◽  
History Of ◽  
International Success

K-pop, Korean popular music, is a central component in Korea’s cultural exports. It helps brand Korea, and through sponsorships and tie-ups, generates attention for Korea that goes well beyond the music and media industries. This essay traces the history of Korean popular music, from its emergence in the early decades of the twentieth century, through the influence of America on South Korea’s cultural development and the assimilation of genres such as rap, reggae, punk, and hip hop, to the international success of Psy’s ‘Gangnam Style’ and the idol group BTS. It explores the rise of entertainment companies, how they overcame the digital challenge, and how their use of restrictive contracts created today’s cultural economy. It introduces issues of gender and sexuality, and outlines how music videos and social media have been used to leverage fandom.

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