scholarly journals Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Robert Burger ◽  
Chen Hou ◽  
Charles A.S Hall ◽  
James H. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Synthetic Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Common Features ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
The One ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dynamics Of Populations

AbstractHere we develop and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) of (Brown et al. 2018) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all species are equally fit at steady state, because all species allocate the same quantity of energy, ∼22.4 kJ/g/generation to production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness across species is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life: how biological metabolism – the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy – links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organization: from the structure and function of individual organisms, to the life history and dynamics of populations, to the coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have simultaneously facilitated the origin and maintenance of enormous biodiversity, so that the millions of species have idiosyncratic features of anatomy, physiology, behavior and ecology. However, there are universal constraints on biodiversity, so that all species share common features of metabolism that reflect the single origin and universal biophysical constraints of life.

scholarly journals Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Burger ◽  
Chen Hou ◽  
Charles Hall ◽  
James Brown
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Synthetic Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Patterns ◽  
Single Origin ◽  
The One ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
And Function ◽  
Dynamics Of Populations

Here we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the same quantity of energy, ~22.4 kJ/g/generation to production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life: how biological metabolism – the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy – links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organization from: i) structure and function of individual organisms, ii) life history and dynamics of populations, iii) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behavior and ecology but also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single origin and universal rules of life.

The heart as a functional unit

ESC CardioMed ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 76-81
Author(s):  
Philip J. Kilner ◽  
Sonya V. Babu-Narayan
Keyword(s):  
Functional Unit ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Morphological Features ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
And Function

This chapter and Chapter 3.6 address the interrelatedness of heart form, structure, and function. The principle of reciprocation between the alternate contractions of atrial and ventricular cavities is outlined, and it is explained how it is enhanced with the increased output of exercise by virtue of the directions of the forces associated with changes of momentum through the looped curvatures of the heart. The human heart’s sinuous paths of flow and its fully septated, four-chamber arrangement are features shared by the hearts of other mammals and the birds, which are also warm-blooded with relatively high cardiac outputs for high metabolic rates. These morphological features are not found among the hearts of the exothermic invertebrate phyla such as worms, arthropods, or molluscs. The possible evolutionary origins and potential functional advantages of cardiac septation for mammalian life are considered. This chapter addresses the interrelatedness of macroscopic structural morphodynamics with the fluid morphodynamics of passing blood streams while Chapter 3.6 considers the smaller-scale morphodynamics of myocardium in an attempt to convey a multiscale morphodynamic interpretation of the heart form, structure, and function.

scholarly journals The Development of E-Atlas Learning Media Based on Mobile Learning on Cells Structure Material in SMA N 1 Kandangserang

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
Diah Agung Setiawati ◽  
Ning Setiati ◽  
Tyas Agung Pribadi
Keyword(s):  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Mobile Learning ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Sampling Techniques ◽  
The Media ◽  
The One ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
And Function ◽  
Academic Year

Cells are the one of hard-to-understand material for students, because it cannot be seen directly by students therefore it requires detailed visualization of images to explain the structure and processes that occur in it. Adequate visualization is needed to study better the structure and function of cells. This is the reason why we need to develop a mobile learning media. The media is an E-atlas of cell structure and function. This product is then analyzed its suitability as a learning media in SMA N 1 Kandangserang. Students of classes XI MIA 1 and XI MIA 2 academic year 2018/2019 were selected as the samples of this research using saturated sampling techniques. This is a research and development (R & D). Research shows that E-atlas is suitable as learning media. E-atlas affects the learning outcomes, where the N-gain value shows an increase with an average of 0.72 (categorized as high) with classical completeness of 83%. It is concluded that E-atlas mobile learning is suitable as a teaching learning medium for students.

DoesPhragmites expansion alter the structure and function of marsh landscapes? Patterns and processes revisited

Estuaries ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 423-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard G. Lathrop ◽  
Lisamarie Windham ◽  
Paul Montesano
Keyword(s):  
Structure And Function ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
And Function

Scaling of osmotic regulation in mammals and birds

1983 ◽  
Vol 244 (5) ◽  
pp. R601-R606 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Calder ◽  
E. J. Braun
Keyword(s):  
Water Balance ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Allometric Equations ◽  
Osmotic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Renal Structure ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stressful Environments

Allometric equations provide a means of summarizing and relating the components of renal structure and function in water balance and osmotic regulation. These summary equations also serve as base lines for evaluating adaptations to stressful environments and for comparisons of kidney designs and osmotic strategies of ureotelic mammals and uricotelic birds. Many of the functions can be quantitatively related to the M3/4 scaling of metabolic rates.

scholarly journals DINAMIKA IJTIHAD ULAMA INDONESIA DALAM FORMALISASI HUKUM ISLAM

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95
Author(s):  
Muh Yunan Putra
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Law ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Social Culture ◽  
Political Performance ◽  
The Social ◽  
Human Need ◽  
New Form ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

Indonesia is the one of democracy country and has principle of believe in the One Supreme God. Refer to it, there are some roles or the bills created based on Islamic Law, such as Marriage Law, Heritage Law, Waqf Law and Criminal Law.  In apply, Islamic Low usually face the normative situation and the increasing of human need and thinking. So, it is required to be able to adjust or create new form to fulfill both of interest. In this case, it can be seen at product law or fatwa created by Indonesian Council Of Ulama (MUI) which integrated based on community’s need. However, disconnected between structure and function of law caused by political performance. Historically, Islamic Law in Indonesia was influenced by social-culture aspect, it marge with Islamic thinking and characteristic such as Fiqh Book, Islamic roles in Muslim’s country, judgment or verdict, or the roles (fatwa) which is created by Ulama. So, namely Islamic Law is the pure of Islamic thinking which produced by Ulama integrated with the social environment. Although, al-Quran dan al-hadits have the roles also to be law, but there are many problems that need to solve using the law’s guide. To solve that problems, Ulama do ijtihad and think hard to get out problem solving. Finally, Ulama use their mind to fulfill the emptiness law, so the result is the product of thinking law as now as.

The fine structure of the camel corpus luteum of early pregnancy and after parturition

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 558-559
Author(s):  
R. K. Nayak
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Endocrine Gland ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

The structure and function of the corpus luteum has been studied intensively, yet many of the factors and events in formation, maintenance, function and regression of this endocrine gland remain unclear. Christensen and Gillim reviewed the literature dealing with steroid-secreting cells including lutein cells. They clearly documented the role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum in steroid biosynthesis. The fine structure of the corpus luteum has been described in a variety of animals including rat, mouse, hamster, guinea pig, rabbit, pig, cow, sheep, deer, dog, racoon, mink, badger, lemur, armadillo and man. Recently, Enders reviewed in detail the results obtained on the cytology of corpus luteum granulosa lutein cells of early pregnancy.Novoa has recently attempted to correlate some reproductive phenomena in Camelidae with those of other domestic animals. Since the literature is essentially devoid of information on electron microscopy of the camel corpus luteum and since fresh camel corpus luteum specimens were obtained in excellent condition, a critical study was undertaken to provide definitive information on the structure and function of the corpus luteum during early stages of pregnancy and after parturition in the one-humped camel, Camelus dromedarius.

More on the Hippodrome-Stadium of Caesarea Maritima: a response to the comments of Y. Porath

2003 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 456-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Patrich
Keyword(s):  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Near East ◽  
Special Kind ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
The Other ◽  
Moderate Size ◽  
Circus Maximus ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function ◽  
Definitive Form

The Herodian multi-purpose entertainment structure under discussion is the earliest and largest of its kind to have been entirely excavated, and it will have far-reaching implications for our knowledge of the development of stadia and hippodromes at the transition between the Hellenistic and Roman worlds. The study and interpretation of its remains therefore deserve care and attention before definitive interpretations are presented and become ‘set in stone’. Unfortunately, Y. Porath's preceding remarks suggest that he will not change his ideas on the identification of the building. However, the chronology which I presented in JRA 14, different from the one he offered in his preliminary report in The Roman and Byzantine Near East (JRA Suppl. 14,1995) 15-27, is not a focus of his objections, and that is encouraging.To name the structure a circus, as Porath is doing, reflects a misconception. A U-shaped entertainment structure of moderate size like this one is a stadium, not a circus. But we are dealing with a special kind of stadium, wider and provided with permanent carceres for chariot races, thereby adapted to serve as a hippodrome. Stadia, Greek in origin, underwent a profound evolution in structure and function during the Hellenistic and Early Roman periods. Conceiving stadia in their Classical Greek forms leads Porath to deny the affiliation of the Herodian structure to Hellenistic/Early Roman stadia. On the other hand, the Circus Maximus, the archetype of Roman circuses, attained its definitive form only under Trajan.

scholarly journals Stiffness Sensing by Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 695-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul A. Janmey ◽  
Daniel A. Fletcher ◽  
Cynthia A. Reinhart-King
Keyword(s):  
Cell Biology ◽  
Cell Structure ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Substrate Stiffness ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The Past ◽  
Simple Rules ◽  
Physical Stimuli ◽  
Disease Initiation ◽  
And Function

Physical stimuli are essential for the function of eukaryotic cells, and changes in physical signals are important elements in normal tissue development as well as in disease initiation and progression. The complexity of physical stimuli and the cellular signals they initiate are as complex as those triggered by chemical signals. One of the most important, and the focus of this review, is the effect of substrate mechanical properties on cell structure and function. The past decade has produced a nearly exponentially increasing number of mechanobiological studies to define how substrate stiffness alters cell biology using both purified systems and intact tissues. Here we attempt to identify common features of mechanosensing in different systems while also highlighting the numerous informative exceptions to what in early studies appeared to be simple rules by which cells respond to mechanical stresses.

River Eco-Environmental Challenges during Urbanization Process Lesson Learned from Beijing Rainstorm on July 21st

2013 ◽  
Vol 726-731 ◽  
pp. 807-811
Author(s):  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Fan Chen
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Management ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
River System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Urban River ◽  
Urbanization Process ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Process Of Urbanization ◽  
The One ◽  
And Function

During the process of urbanization, impermeable surface areas enlarge and rain runoff and peak discharges grow, rainstorm become more frequent. As more rain water and pollutants mixed with each other, more areas of urban runoff are polluted, causing significant change to aquatic organisms, especially fish, their population and structure. In order to balance the relations between urban development and river eco-environmental protection, avoid reappearance of mega rainstorm disaster like the one on July 21st in Beijing, we suggest protecting and safeguarding the structure and function of urban river ecological system from perspectives of urban planning, eco-environment improvement and integrated management over urban river system.

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