scholarly journals Evidence for the plant recruitment of beneficial microbes to suppress soil-borne pathogen

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongwei Liu ◽  
Jiayu Li ◽  
Lilia C. Cavalhais ◽  
Cassandra Percy ◽  
Jay Prakash Verma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
List Type ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Pathogen Load ◽  
Community Profiling ◽  
Cry For Help ◽  
Positive Linear Correlation ◽  
Stenotrophomonas Rhizophila

SummaryEmerging experimental framework suggests that plants under biotic stress may actively seek help from soil microbes, but empirical evidence underlying such a ‘cry for help’ strategy is limited.We used integrated microbial community profiling, pathogen and plant transcriptive gene quantification and culture-based methods to systematically investigate a three-way interaction between the wheat plant, wheat-associated microbiomes and Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fp).A clear enrichment of a dominant bacterium, Stenotrophomonas rhizophila (SR80), was observed in both the rhizosphere and root endosphere of Fp-infected wheat. SR80 reached 3.7×107 cells g-1 in the rhizosphere and accounted for up to 11.4% of the microbes in the root endosphere. Its abundance had a positive linear correlation with the pathogen load at base stems and expression of multiple defense genes in top leaves. Upon re-introduction in soils, SR80 enhanced plant growth, both the below- and above-ground, and induced strong disease resistance by priming plant defense in the aboveground plant parts, but only when the pathogen was presentTogether, the bacterium SR80 seems to have acted as an early warning system for plant defense. This work provides novel evidence for the potential protection of plants against pathogens by an enriched beneficial microbe via modulation of the plant immune system.

scholarly journals Genotypic Variationin Dry Weight and Nitrogen Concentration of Wheat Plant Parts; Relations to Grain Yield and Grain Protein Concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Hafeez Malik ◽  
Allan Andersson ◽  
Ramune Kuktaite ◽  
Muhammad Yaqub Mujahid ◽  
Bismillah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Grain Protein Concentration ◽  
Plant Parts

STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF DISEASE RESISTANCE IN CEREALS: II. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUGAR CONTENT AND REACTION TO STEM RUST OF MATURE AND IMMATURE TISSUES OF THE WHEAT PLANT

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 582-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Johnson ◽  
O. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Stem Rust ◽  
Reducing Sugars ◽  
Adult Stage ◽  
Sugar Content ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Young Leaves ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

In Part I of these studies it has been shown that the rapidly growing tissues of the wheat plant are more susceptible to stem rust than the older tissues. An attempt was made to discover if a physiological or chemical basis could be found for the difference in reaction of the young and older tissues.Analyses were made to determine the sugar content of young (susceptible) and older (resistant) tissues of four wheat varieties resistant in the adult stage and of the corresponding plant parts of three wheat varieties which in the adult stage showed little or no resistance to rust. The young tissues comprised the young leaves still enfolded by the uppermost sheaths and the young stems below the uppermost node; the older tissues were represented by the fully developed upper leaves and their adherent sheaths. The analyses showed a considerably higher content of sugars in the young than in the older tissues of the seven varieties tested. The difference was particularly great in the content of reducing sugars but rather slight in the disaccharide content (expressed as invert sugar). However, as all the varieties, irrespective of resistance or susceptibility to rust in the adult stage, showed much the same difference in the sugar content of their young and older tissues, it does not seem likely that there is any direct relation between sugar content and reaction to rust.

scholarly journals Deep microbial community profiling along the fermentation process of pulque, a major biocultural resource of Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Rocha-Arriaga ◽  
Annie Espinal-Centeno ◽  
Shamayim Martinez-Sanchez ◽  
Juan Caballero-Pérez ◽  
Luis D. Alcaraz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
List Type ◽  
Community Profiling ◽  
Massive Sequencing ◽  
Carl Von Linné

AbstractSome of the biggest non-three plants endemic to Mexico were called metl in the Nahua culture. During colonial times they were renamed with the antillan word maguey. This was changed again by Carl von Linné who called them Agave (a greco-latin voice for admirable). For several Mexican prehispanic cultures, Agave species were not only considered as crops, but also part of their biocultural resources and cosmovision. Among the major products obtained from some Agave spp since pre-hispanic times is the alcoholic beverage called pulque or octli. This beverage represents a precolumbian biotechnological development obtained by the natural fermentation of the mead (aguamiel) from such plants. The pulque played a central role in mexican prehispanic cultures, mainly the Mexica and the Tolteca, where it was considered as sacred. For modern Mexicans, pulque is still part of their heritage and, in recent times, there has been a renewed interest in this ancient beverage, due to its high content in nutrients such as essential amino acids. We focus this study in the microbial diversity involved in pulque fermentation process, specially because it is still produced using classic antique technologies,. In this work, we report the microbiome of pulque fermentation stages, using massive sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) for describing bacterial and fungal diversity and dynamics along pulque production. In this study, we are providing the most diverse catalogue of microbes during pulque production with 57 identified bacterial genus and 94 fungal species, these findings allowed us to identify core microbes resilient during pulque production which point to be potential biomarkers exclusive to each fermentation stage.Our approach allowed the identification of a broader microbial diversity in PulqueWe increased 4.4 times bacteria genera and 40 times fungal species detected in mead.Newly reported bacteria genera and fungal species associated to Pulque fermentation

In-situ and imaging spectroscopy for grape disease detection: towards a global surveillance and warning system

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaitlin Gold
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Warning System ◽  
Disease Detection ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Variability ◽  
Individual Plant ◽  
Defense Compounds ◽  
Specialty Crops ◽  
Management Intervention ◽  
Plant Parts

<p>Disease is one of the greatest threats to the environmental, financial, and societal sustainability of wine grape production worldwide, and is expected to become of greater and more dire importance as the negative effects of climate change continue to intensify. Advanced field, aerial, and satellite based methods of disease detection that can identify infection at extremely low intensity or before the onset of visual symptoms would greatly improve management by reducing disease potential and spread. In-vivo foliar and imaging spectroscopic methods have been shown to be effective for rapid, early, real-time disease detection in grape and specialty crops, and for characterizing the underlying physiological differences that enable disease discrimination. Infection on a relatively small part of a plant will trigger the cascade release of defense compounds, regardless of whether or not the individual plant succumbs to disease. This leads to the phenomenon of unaffected plant parts of diseased plants displaying different physiology and biochemistry than seemingly identically unaffected plant parts of non-diseased plants. Early detection and quantification of these differences could lead to earlier management intervention and an increased understanding of the spatial and temporal variability associated with disease and its subsequent impacts on crop health and downstream product quality. In this talk, the opportunities and challenges facing in the use of this approach for grape disease detection, differentiation, and management will be discussed, as well as the use of satellite-based imaging spectroscopy for grape and broader specialty crop disease detection.</p>

Trichodermaspp. as elicitors of wheat plant defense responses againstSeptoria tritici

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 687-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina A. Cordo ◽  
Cecilia I. Monaco ◽  
Carmen I. Segarra ◽  
María R. Simon ◽  
Andrea Y. Mansilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Defense ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Plant Defense Responses

The absorption and distribution of nitrogen after floret initiation in wheat

1969 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 799 ◽  
Author(s):  
HM Rawson ◽  
CM Donald
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Nitrogen Supply ◽  
Main Stem ◽  
Fertile Plant ◽  
High Nitrogen ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Labelled Nitrogen ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Low Nitrogen

The pattern of absorption and distribution of nitrogen after floret initiation in wheat was examined with the aid of labelled nitrogen with a view to determining the importance of sterile tillers as a source of nitrogen for the fertile parts of the plant. Tertiary tillers were found to be of no importance as direct importers of nitrogen from the growth medium; absorption by these tillers was almost entirely via the roots of the main stem and the primary tillers. In conditions of high nitrogen supply the tertiary tillers continued to receive nitrogen from the main stem and primary tillers, but the tertiary tillers of low nitrogen plants were starved of nitrogen and soon senesced. When the sterile, tertiary tillers died there was a remobilization of most of their nitrogen, apparently to the fertile parts (main stem, primary and some secondary tillers) of the plant, but a small quantity of nitrogen was also lost to the nutrient solution. It is concluded that although sterile, tertiary tillers act as a temporary nutrient reservoir for the fertile plant parts, they are in fact of little or no value and may well be regarded as a useless vestige of perenniality in the wheat plant.

scholarly journals The Physiology of Growth in the Wheat Plant I. Seedling Growth and the Pattern of Growth at the Shoot Apex

1960 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 401 ◽  
Author(s):  
RF Williams
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Shoot Apex ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Constant Environment

Seedling growth of wheat in a constant environment is studied over a period of 21 days. Dry weights of leaves, leaf sheaths, stem, and roots are given for 11 occasions. The pattern of dry weight change is also presented in terms of the changing ratios of plant parts.

THE TRANSPORT OF CARBON IN WHEAT PLANTS

1967 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 1853-1861 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. B. McConnell ◽  
M. Mazurek
Keyword(s):  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Radioactive Tracer ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Specific Activities ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Lower Stem ◽  
Tracer Experiments

Radioactive tracer experiments indicate that acetate, injected into the top internode of wheat plants, is metabolized during a 24-h period and that it is utilized before translocation from the stem. Movement of tracer was largely toward the head of the plant, the kernel constituents becoming especially radioactive. Free glutamic acid was an early metabolic product of acetate, but protein-bound glutamic acid did not reach a maximum specific activity until between the 1st and 3rd days after injection of the tracer. The maximum specific activity of kernel-protein glutamic acid occurred at about the same time as it exceeded the specific activity of the free glutamic in the kernels. However, the relationship between the specific activities of free and protein-bound glutamic acid of other plant parts was not consistent with the view that the protein glutamic acid was derived solely from a uniform pool of free glutamic acid in the particular plant part being considered.14C incorporated by exposing the head of the wheat plant to 14CO2 was effectively retained in the head, but extensive transport of 14C from the chaff to the kernel was observed. When the leaf of the plant was exposed to 14CO2 there was extensive respiration of 14C Appreciable amounts of 14C appeared in the head of the plant and some translocation of tracer to lower stem parts was observed.

scholarly journals Whole-Plant and Seed Bioassays for Resistance Confirmation

Weed Science ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 63 (SP1) ◽  
pp. 152-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nilda R. Burgos
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
List Type ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Resistance Evolution ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Weedy Species ◽  
Whole Plants ◽  
Sites Of Action

Much of agriculture-related research today involves weed resistance to herbicides. Resistance evolution is perhaps the strongest driver for the quest for new herbicide targets, novel weed intervention technologies, and the promotion of best management practices for sustainable crop production (Burgos et al., 2006; Norsworthy et al. 2012; Vencill et al. 2012). To date, 222 weedy species collectively have evolved resistance to 150 herbicides representing 21 sites of action (Heap 2014). For decades, scientists have developed numerous protocols for resistance confirmation using seeds, different plant parts, or whole plants. These have been reviewed by Beckie et al. (2000) and Burgos et al. (2013). We draw from these and other sources to present general guidelines for resistance confirmation that students and new researchers can use in planning their experiments. The most immediate questions that stakeholders seek to answer with resistance bioassays include:1.Is the population resistant?2.What is the level of resistance?3.What alternative herbicides can be used?

STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING CARBON-14 COMPOUNDS: XII. UTILIZATION OF SERINE-C14 WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO GLYCINE LABELLING

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-538 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nath ◽  
W. B. McConnell
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Special Reference ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
High Specific Activity ◽  
Wheat Plant ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Carbon 14 ◽  
Direct Incorporation

Serine-C14 (uniformly labelled) was injected into the top internode of wheat plant stems and the distribution of carbon-14 in the mature plants (harvested 24 days after injection) was studied. Fifty-six per cent of the carbon-14 injected was found in upper plant parts but only trace amounts occurred below the top internode. The kernels contained 48% of the tracer injected while only 4% remained in the stem. Gluten had the highest specific activity of any major kernel component, serine and glycine accounting for one third of the total carbon-14 of the protein. The high specific activity of serine in gluten indicates its direct incorporation into kernel proteins. The specific activity of the glycine was almost equal to that of serine. Since similar experiments with glycine-1-C14 have yielded gluten with highly radioactive serine-1-C14, the ready interconvertibility of these two amino acids is demonstrated. The results indicate that interconversion takes place, at least in part, by the reversible condensation of "active" formate with carbon-2 of the glycine but that alternate pathways may also operate.

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