scholarly journals Aerosol Generation from Different Wind Instruments

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruichen He ◽  
Linyue Gao ◽  
Maximilian Trifonov ◽  
Jiarong Hong
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Wind Instruments ◽  
Bass Clarinet ◽  
Aerosol Generation ◽  
Breathing Techniques ◽  
Magnitude Variation ◽  
Musical Activities

The potential airborne transmission of COVID-19 has raised significant concerns regarding the safety of musical activities involving wind instruments. However, currently, there is a lack of systematic study and quantitative information of the aerosol generation during these instruments, which is crucial for offering risk assessment and the corresponding mitigation strategies for the reopening of these activities. Collaborating with 15 musicians from the Minnesota Orchestra, we conduct a systematic study of the aerosol generation from a large variety of wind instruments under different music dynamic levels and articulation patterns. We find that the aerosol concentration from different brass and woodwinds exhibits two orders of magnitude variation. Accordingly, we categorize the instruments into low (tuba), intermediate (piccolo, flute, bass clarinet, French horn, and clarinet) and high risk (trumpet, bass trombone, and oboe) levels based on a comparison of their aerosol generation with those from normal breathing and speaking. In addition, we observe that the aerosol generation can be affected by the changing dynamic level, articulation pattern, the normal respiratory behaviors of individuals, and even the usage of some special techniques during the instrument play. However, such effects vary substantially for different types of instrument, depending on specific breathing techniques as well as the tube structure and inlet design of the instrument. Overall, our findings can bring insights into the risk assessment of airborne decrease transmission and the corresponding mitigation strategies for various musical activities involving wind instrument plays, including orchestras, community and worship bands, music classes, etc.

A MODELING SYSTEM FOR CLIMATE CHANGE RISK ASSESSMENT, MANAGEMENT AND HEDGING IN COASTAL AREAS

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Sergei Soldatenko ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Genrikh Alekseev ◽  
Alexander Danilov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Coastal Areas ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
System Structure ◽  
The Arctic ◽  
Risk Modeling ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
The Impact

Every aspect of human operations faces a wide range of risks, some of which can cause serious consequences. By the start of 21st century, mankind has recognized a new class of risks posed by climate change. It is obvious, that the global climate is changing, and will continue to change, in ways that affect the planning and day to day operations of businesses, government agencies and other organizations and institutions. The manifestations of climate change include but not limited to rising sea levels, increasing temperature, flooding, melting polar sea ice, adverse weather events (e.g. heatwaves, drought, and storms) and a rise in related problems (e.g. health and environmental). Assessing and managing climate risks represent one of the most challenging issues of today and for the future. The purpose of the risk modeling system discussed in this paper is to provide a framework and methodology to quantify risks caused by climate change, to facilitate estimates of the impact of climate change on various spheres of human activities and to compare eventual adaptation and risk mitigation strategies. The system integrates both physical climate system and economic models together with knowledge-based subsystem, which can help support proactive risk management. System structure and its main components are considered. Special attention is paid to climate risk assessment, management and hedging in the Arctic coastal areas.

scholarly journals Assessment of Glyphosate Impact on the Agrofood Ecosystem

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 405
Author(s):  
Yaxin Sang ◽  
Juan-Carlos Mejuto ◽  
Jianbo Xiao ◽  
Jesus Simal-Gandara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Regulatory Control ◽  
Biological Pest Control ◽  
Effective Strategies ◽  
Nutrition Security ◽  
Production And Consumption ◽  
Food And Nutrition ◽  
The Impact

Agro-industries should adopt effective strategies to use agrochemicals such as glyphosate herbicides cautiously in order to protect public health. This entails careful testing and risk assessment of available choices, and also educating farmers and users with mitigation strategies in ecosystem protection and sustainable development. The key to success in this endeavour is using scientific research on biological pest control, organic farming and regulatory control, etc., for new developments in food production and safety, and for environmental protection. Education and research is of paramount importance for food and nutrition security in the shadow of climate change, and their consequences in food production and consumption safety and sustainability. This review, therefore, diagnoses on the use of glyphosate and the associated development of glyphosate-resistant weeds. It also deals with the risk assessment on human health of glyphosate formulations through environment and dietary exposures based on the impact of glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA—(aminomethyl)phosphonic acid—on water and food. All this to setup further conclusions and recommendations on the regulated use of glyphosate and how to mitigate the adverse effects.

Guidance for Human Action Evaluations for External Flood Risk Assessment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raymond E. Schneider ◽  
Srinivasa Visweswaran ◽  
John Fluehr ◽  
H. Alan Hackerott
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Flood Mitigation ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Investment Protection ◽  
Performance Shaping Factors ◽  
Flooding Hazards

For many years external flooding hazards have been recognized as significant contributors to plant risk. However, it was not until the events at Fukushima that there was a concerted effort on the part of the utilities to reassess the plant external flood design basis, identify external flood vulnerabilities and take actions to address them. For many plants, resolution of low probability high consequence floods will likely be addressed by a combination of actions involving enhancements to flood protection and hazard mitigation strategies. Over time, as plants decide on which strategies to apply there is an expectation that the most effective way to develop and justify these strategies will involve probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) concepts. The PRA framework is well suited for performing a human reliability analysis (HRA). Within that framework, HRA evaluations focus on operator and plant staff actions taken in response to plant initiating events (e.g., loss of offsite power, etc.). For many external floods, advance warning of an impending external flood event provides the trigger for pre-emptive manual actions to potentially reconfigure the plant through temporary installation of flood barriers. Unlike the post-initiator actions which tend to be more narrowly focused, these pre-emptive actions are taken in a less controlled environment, may be ad hoc, and may potentially be in competition with site investment protection activities, site evacuation, etc. The purpose of this paper is to define the challenges in defining an approach for treating external flood actions, identifying external flood timelines, identifying the manual actions/organizational environment during external flooding scenarios and proposing an integrated strategy for quantifying those actions. The proposed quantification process is rooted in management science concepts for evaluating project reliability. The overall methodology identifies flood significant performance shaping factors, and identifies three (3) factors, namely time available for flood mitigation, proper access to plant site following flood and environmental factors, as having an overarching impact on the performance shaping factors affecting each of the flood mitigation tasks.

Incorporating Qualitative Information for Credit Risk Assessment through Frequent Subtree Mining for XML

2013 ◽  
pp. 452-489
Author(s):  
Novita Ikasari ◽  
Fedja Hadzic ◽  
Tharam S. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Grameen Bank ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Credit Risk Assessment ◽  
Tree Mining ◽  
Data Objects ◽  
Frequent Subtree Mining

Credit risk assessment has been one of the most appealing topics in banking and finance studies, attracting both scholars’ and practitioners’ attention for some time. Following the success of the Grameen Bank, works on credit risk, in particular for Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), have become essential. The distinctive character of SMEs requires a method that takes into account quantitative and qualitative information for loan granting decision purposes. In this chapter, we first provide a survey of existing credit risk assessment methods, which shows a current gap in the existing research in regards to taking qualitative information into account during the data mining process. To address this shortcoming, we propose a framework that utilizes an XML-based template to capture both qualitative and quantitative information in this domain. By representing this information in a domain-oriented way, the potential knowledge that can be discovered for evidence-based decision support will be maximized. An XML document can be effectively represented as a rooted ordered labelled tree and a number of tree mining methods exist that enable the efficient discovery of associations among tree-structured data objects, taking both the content and structure into account. The guidelines for correct and effective application of such methods are provided in order to gain detailed insight into the information governing the decision making process. We have obtained a number of textual reports from the banks regarding the information collected from SMEs during the credit application/evaluation process. These are used as the basis for generating a synthetic XML database that partially reflects real-world scenarios. A tree mining method is applied to this data to demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for credit risk assessment.

Incorporating Qualitative Information for Credit Risk Assessment through Frequent Subtree Mining for XML

2011 ◽  
pp. 467-503
Author(s):  
Novita Ikasari ◽  
Fedja Hadzic ◽  
Tharam S. Dillon
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Credit Risk ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Qualitative Information ◽  
Grameen Bank ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Credit Risk Assessment ◽  
Tree Mining ◽  
Data Objects ◽  
Frequent Subtree Mining

Credit risk assessment has been one of the most appealing topics in banking and finance studies, attracting both scholars’ and practitioners’ attention for some time. Following the success of the Grameen Bank, works on credit risk, in particular for Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs), have become essential. The distinctive character of SMEs requires a method that takes into account quantitative and qualitative information for loan granting decision purposes. In this chapter, we first provide a survey of existing credit risk assessment methods, which shows a current gap in the existing research in regards to taking qualitative information into account during the data mining process. To address this shortcoming, we propose a framework that utilizes an XML-based template to capture both qualitative and quantitative information in this domain. By representing this information in a domain-oriented way, the potential knowledge that can be discovered for evidence-based decision support will be maximized. An XML document can be effectively represented as a rooted ordered labelled tree and a number of tree mining methods exist that enable the efficient discovery of associations among tree-structured data objects, taking both the content and structure into account. The guidelines for correct and effective application of such methods are provided in order to gain detailed insight into the information governing the decision making process. We have obtained a number of textual reports from the banks regarding the information collected from SMEs during the credit application/evaluation process. These are used as the basis for generating a synthetic XML database that partially reflects real-world scenarios. A tree mining method is applied to this data to demonstrate the potential of the proposed method for credit risk assessment.

scholarly journals Airborne Aerosol Generation During Endonasal Procedures in the Era of COVID-19: Risks and Recommendations

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan D. Workman ◽  
Aria Jafari ◽  
D. Bradley Welling ◽  
Mark A. Varvares ◽  
Stacey T. Gray ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Airborne Particulate Matter ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Nasal Endoscopy ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Aerosol Sampling ◽  
Aerosol Generation ◽  
High Speed Drilling ◽  
Surgical Conditions ◽  
Hand Instrumentation

Objective In the era of SARS-CoV-2, the risk of infectious airborne aerosol generation during otolaryngologic procedures has been an area of increasing concern. The objective of this investigation was to quantify airborne aerosol production under clinical and surgical conditions and examine efficacy of mask mitigation strategies. Study Design Prospective quantification of airborne aerosol generation during surgical and clinical simulation. Setting Cadaver laboratory and clinical examination room. Subjects and Methods Airborne aerosol quantification with an optical particle sizer was performed in real time during cadaveric simulated endoscopic surgical conditions, including hand instrumentation, microdebrider use, high-speed drilling, and cautery. Aerosol sampling was additionally performed in simulated clinical and diagnostic settings. All clinical and surgical procedures were evaluated for propensity for significant airborne aerosol generation. Results Hand instrumentation and microdebridement did not produce detectable airborne aerosols in the range of 1 to 10 μm. Suction drilling at 12,000 rpm, high-speed drilling (4-mm diamond or cutting burs) at 70,000 rpm, and transnasal cautery generated significant airborne aerosols ( P < .001). In clinical simulations, nasal endoscopy ( P < .05), speech ( P < .01), and sneezing ( P < .01) generated 1- to 10-μm airborne aerosols. Significant aerosol escape was seen even with utilization of a standard surgical mask ( P < .05). Intact and VENT-modified (valved endoscopy of the nose and throat) N95 respirator use prevented significant airborne aerosol spread. Conclusion Transnasal drill and cautery use is associated with significant airborne particulate matter production in the range of 1 to 10 μm under surgical conditions. During simulated clinical activity, airborne aerosol generation was seen during nasal endoscopy, speech, and sneezing. Intact or VENT-modified N95 respirators mitigated airborne aerosol transmission, while standard surgical masks did not.

A quantitative risk assessment methodology and evaluation of food supply chain

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1272-1293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rishabh Rathore ◽  
Jitesh J. Thakkar ◽  
Jitendra Kumar Jha
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Quantitative Risk Assessment ◽  
Food Supply Chain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Risk Quantification

Purpose The food supply chain is exposed to severe environmental and social issues with serious economic consequences. The identification and assessment of risk involved in the food supply chain can help to overcome these challenges. In response, the purpose of this paper is to develop a risk assessment framework for a typical food supply chain. Design/methodology/approach An integrated methodology of grey analytical hierarchy process and grey technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution is proposed for developing a comprehensive risk index. The opinion of the experts is used to illustrate an application of the proposed methodology for the risk assessment of the food supply chain in India. Findings Valuable insights and recommendations are drawn from the results, which are helpful to the practitioners working at strategic and tactical levels in the food supply chain for minimising the supply chain disruptions. Research limitations/implications The risk quantification for the case organisation is primarily based on inputs collected from the experts working for Indian food supply chain, and so the generalisation of the results is limited to the context of developing countries. However, the generalisability of the proposed risk quantification methodology and key insights developed in the food supply chain will assist practitioners in policy making. Practical implications The risk priorities established by this research would enable an implementation of systematic risk mitigation strategies and deployment of necessary resources for leveraging the efficiency of food supply chain. Originality/value Specifically, this research has delivered a risk quantification framework and strengthened the inquiry of risk management for the food supply chain.

scholarly journals Risk assessment of meteorological drought in China under RCP scenarios from 2016 to 2050

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuo Li ◽  
Jie Pan
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Standardized Precipitation Index ◽  
Meteorological Drought ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Sensitivity Index ◽  
Drought Risk ◽  
Emission Scenarios ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Climate change has been a hotspot of scientific research in the world for decades, which caused serious effects of agriculture, water resources, ecosystem, environment, human health and so on. In China, drought accounts for almost 50 % of the total loss among all the meteorological disasters. In this article the interpolated and corrected precipitation of one GCM (HadGEM2-ES) output under four emission scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5) were used to analyze the drought. The standardized precipitation index (SPI) calculated with these data was used to assess the climate change impact on droughts from meteorological perspectives. Based on five levels of SPI, an integrated index of drought hazard (IIDH) was established, which could explain the frequency and intensity of meteorological drought in different regions. According to yearbooks of different provinces, 15 factors have been chosen which could represent the impact of drought on human being, crops, water resources and economy. Exposure index, sensitivity index and adaptation index have been calculated in almost 2400 counties and vulnerability of drought has been evaluated. Based on hazard and vulnerability evaluation of drought, risk assessment of drought in China under the RCP2.6, 4.5, 6.0, 8.5 emission scenarios from 2016 to 2050 has been done. Results from such a comprehensive study over the whole country could be used not only to inform on potential impacts for specific sectors but also can be used to coordinate adaptation/mitigation strategies among different sectors/regions by the central government.

Enhanced Leak Detection Risk Model Development

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Harron ◽  
Rick Barlow ◽  
Ted Farquhar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Leak Detection ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Risk Mitigation Strategies

Increasing concerns and attention to pipeline safety have engaged pipeline companies and regulatory agencies to extend their approaches to pipeline integrity. The implementation of High Consequence Areas (HCAs) has in particular had an impact on the development of integrity management protocols (IMPs) for pipelines. These IMPs can require that a risk based assessment of integrity issues be applied to specific HCA risk factors. This paper addresses the development of an operational risk assessment approach for pipeline leak detection requirements for HCAs. A detailed risk assessment algorithm that includes 25 risk variables and 28 consequence variables was developed for application to all HCA areas. The significant likelihood and consequence factors were chosen through discussions with the Leak Detection Risk Assessment Model Working Group and subject matter experts throughout Enbridge. The leak detection algorithm focuses on sections of pipe from flow meter to flow meter, as these are the locations that impact the leak detection system used by Enbridge. Each section of pipe is evaluated for likelihood, consequence and risk. When a high or medium risk area has been identified, an evaluation of potential Preventive and Mitigative (P&M) measures will be undertaken. A P & M Matrix has been developed to identify potential mitigation strategies to be considered for higher risk variables, called risk drivers, in the model. The matrix has been developed to identify potential risk mitigation strategies to consider for each variable used in the HCA Leak Detection Risk Assessment. The purpose of the matrix is to guide the user to consider actions identified for variables that drive the risk for the particular location. Upon review of the matrix, the user determines feasibility of the risk mitigation strategies being considered to identify an action. The paper will describe the consultative process that was used to workshop the development of this algorithm. Included in this description is how the process addressed various methods of leak detection across a wide variety of pipelines. The paper closes with “development challenges” and future steps in applying operation risk assessment techniques to mainline leak detection risk management.

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