scholarly journals 1RS.1BL molecular resolution provides novel contributions to wheat improvement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhengang Ru ◽  
Angela Juhasz ◽  
Danping Li ◽  
Pingchuan Deng ◽  
Jing Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Gene Alignment ◽  
High Resolution Structure ◽  
Ppr Genes ◽  
Genomic Basis ◽  
Active Centromere

SUMMARYWheat-rye 1RS.1BL translocation has a significant impact on wheat yield and hence food production globally. However, the genomic basis of its contributions to wheat improvement is undetermined. Here, we generated a high-quality assembly of 1RS.1BL translocation comprising 748,715,293 bp with 4,996 predicted protein-coding genes. We found the size of 1RS is larger than 1BS with the active centromere domains shifted to the 1RS side instead of the 1BL side in Aikang58 (AK58). The gene alignment showed excellent synteny with 1BS from wheat and genes from 1RS were expressed well in wheat especially for 1RS where expression was higher than that of 1BS for the grain-20DPA stage associated with greater grain weight and negative flour quality attributes. A formin-like-domain protein FH14 (TraesAK58CH1B01G010700) was important in regulating cell division. Two PPR genes were most likely the genes for the multi fertility restoration locus Rf multi. Our data not only provide the high-resolution structure and gene complement for the 1RS.1BL translocation, but also defined targets for enhancing grain yield, biotic and abiotic stress, and fertility restoration in wheat.

scholarly journals Genetic improvement of bread wheat yield and associated traits in Spain during the 20th century

2012 ◽  
Vol 151 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. SANCHEZ-GARCIA ◽  
C. ROYO ◽  
N. APARICIO ◽  
J. A. MARTÍN-SÁNCHEZ ◽  
F. ÁLVARO
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Yield Gain ◽  
Significant Yield ◽  
Improved Cultivars ◽  
Testing Environments ◽  
New Germplasm

SUMMARYA collection of 26 wheat genotypes widely grown in Spain during the 20th century was evaluated in eight contrasting environments in order to quantify breeding achievements in yield and associated traits. From 1930 to 2000, yield increased at a rate of 35·1 kg/ha/yr or 0·88%/yr, but estimations of relative genetic gain (RGG) were environment-dependent. RGG estimated for yield were positively associated with the average minimum daily temperatures from sowing to heading in the testing environments (R2 = 0·81; P < 0·01). The number of grains/spike and the number of spikes/m2 increased at a rate of 0·60%/yr and 0·30%/yr, respectively, while grain weight remained unchanged. The present study detected two main episodes of yield improvement during the century. The first one coincided with the introduction, during the 1950s, of the first improved cultivars derived from intra-specific crosses, which increased the yield of landraces by 30% due to an increase of c. 58% in the number of grains/spike, accompanied by a 16% reduction in grain weight. These initial cultivars (termed ‘old-bred’ in a previous study by Sanchez-Garcia et al. 2012) exhibited a higher harvest index (HI), increased from 0·25 to 0·40, but maintained the same aboveground biomass at maturity as the landraces (despite reducing both plant height and the number of tillers/plant) due to increases in the proportion of tillers bearing spikes. The second yield gain occurred after the introduction, in the early 1970s, of semi-dwarf germplasm from CIMMYT (International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre) and some French cultivars. This new germplasm further reduced plant height, improved HI up to 0·45 and increased the number of tillers/plant while maintaining their rate of fertility, thus resulting in a yield gain of c. 37%. The cultivars released during the last decade of the century did not contribute to significant yield improvements.

scholarly journals Cloning of wheat keto-acyl thiolase 2B reveals a role of jasmonic acid in grain weight determination

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Chen ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
Tian-Tian Wu ◽  
Guo-Liang Zhang ◽  
Huanran Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Jasmonic Acid ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Grain Weight ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Stop Mutation ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Component Traits

AbstractGrain weight (GW) is one of the component traits of wheat yield. Existing reports have shown that multiple phytohormones are involved in the regulation of GW in different crops. However, the potential role of jasmonic acid (JA) remains unclear. Here, we report that triticale grain weight 1 (tgw1) mutant, with marked reductions in both GW and JA content, is caused by a premature stop mutation in keto-acyl thiolase 2B (KAT-2B) involved in β-oxidation during JA synthesis. KAT-2B overexpression increases GW in wild type and boosts yield. Additionally, KAT-2B compliments the grain defect in tgw1 and rescues the lethal phenotype of the Arabidopsis kat2 mutant in a sucrose-free medium. Despite the suppression of JA synthesis in tgw1 mutant, ABA synthesis is upregulated, which is accompanied by enhanced expression of SAG3 and reduction of chlorophyll content in leaves. Together, these results demonstrate a role of the JA synthetic gene KAT-2B in controlling GW and its potential application value for wheat improvement.

scholarly journals Assessment of a Yield Prediction Method Based on Time Series Landsat 8 Data

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (s1) ◽  
pp. 12-15
Author(s):  
Andrea Szabó ◽  
Odunayo David Adeniyi ◽  
János Tamás ◽  
Attila Nagy
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Estimation Error ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Prediction Method ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Stress Effect ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data

Abstract The active biomass of cultivated plants and average yield decreases as a result of biotic and abiotic stress effect. The extent of the reduction can be quantified on the basis of remotely sensed data. The aim of this research is to evaluate the suitability of Landsat 8 data for a wheat yield estimation. We processed Landsat 8 recordings for the period 2013–2019 and generated NDVI data. Time series NDVI data were calibrated and validated with observed wheat yield averages. The agricultural plots around Karcag, Hungary, were our research area. The relation between Landsat NDVI data and yield was strongest and highest in the total biomass period (R 2 = 0.53–0.54) and the estimation error based on RMSE is between 0.48–0.7 t.ha−1.

scholarly journals Current Progress in Understanding and Recovering the Wheat Genes Lost in Evolution and Domestication

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5836 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shanjida Rahman ◽  
Shahidul Islam ◽  
Zitong Yu ◽  
Maoyun She ◽  
Eviatar Nevo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resource ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Triticum Dicoccoides ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Wild Progenitor ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Modern Wheat ◽  
High Level

The modern cultivated wheat has passed a long evolution involving origin of wild emmer (WEM), development of cultivated emmer, formation of spelt wheat and finally establishment of modern bread wheat and durum wheat. During this evolutionary process, rapid alterations and sporadic changes in wheat genome took place, due to hybridization, polyploidization, domestication, and mutation. This has resulted in some modifications and a high level of gene loss. As a result, the modern cultivated wheat does not contain all genes of their progenitors. These lost genes are novel for modern wheat improvement. Exploring wild progenitor for genetic variation of important traits is directly beneficial for wheat breeding. WEM wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) is a great genetic resource with huge diversity for traits. Few genes and quantitative trait loci (QTL) for agronomic, quantitative, biotic and abiotic stress-related traits have already been mapped from WEM. This resource can be utilized for modern wheat improvement by integrating identified genes or QTLs through breeding.

Contrasting genomic shifts underlie parallel phenotypic evolution in response to fishing

Science ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 365 (6452) ◽  
pp. 487-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina O. Therkildsen ◽  
Aryn P. Wilder ◽  
David O. Conover ◽  
Stephan B. Munch ◽  
Hannes Baumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Evolution ◽  
Rapid Adaptation ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Selection Gradients ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Experimental Fish ◽  
Selective Harvest ◽  
The Face ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Genomic Basis

Humans cause widespread evolutionary change in nature, but we still know little about the genomic basis of rapid adaptation in the Anthropocene. We tracked genomic changes across all protein-coding genes in experimental fish populations that evolved pronounced shifts in growth rates due to size-selective harvest over only four generations. Comparisons of replicate lines show parallel allele frequency shifts that recapitulate responses to size-selection gradients in the wild across hundreds of unlinked variants concentrated in growth-related genes. However, a supercluster of genes also rose rapidly in frequency and dominated the evolutionary dynamic in one replicate line but not in others. Parallel phenotypic changes thus masked highly divergent genomic responses to selection, illustrating how contingent rapid adaptation can be in the face of strong human-induced selection.

scholarly journals Development and validation of CAPS-marker associated with the Rf2 gene in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
E. E. Radchenko ◽  
N. V. Alpatieva ◽  
Yu. I. Karabitsina ◽  
M. K. Ryazanova ◽  
E. B. Kuznetsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sorghum Bicolor ◽  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Fertility Restoration ◽  
Hybrid Breeding ◽  
Sequence Variant ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Functional Alleles ◽  
Ppr Genes ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Fertility Restorers

Background. The development of heterotic hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the leading strategy in breeding sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The trait of pollen fertility restoration in forms with CMS A1 (milo), predominantly used in sorghum breeding, is determined by at least two dominant complementary genes Rf1 and Rf2, and also gene Rf5. The development of accessible molecular markers of sorghum Rf genes is highly relevant for hybrid breeding, since they can significantly accelerate the process of creating female sterile forms (A lines), sterility maintainers (B lines) and pollen fertility restorers (R lines).Material and methods. The studied material included 36 sorghum accessions from the VIR collection, which differed by the ability to restore pollen fertility in forms with A1-type CMS. The nucleotide polymorphism of 935 bp fragments of the PPR genes Sobic.002G057050, Sobic.002G054100, and Sobic.002G054200 located at the chromosome 2 was studied.Results. The fragments obtained with the use of a pair of 2459403fw and 2459403 primers were 935 bp long and included parts of three genes: Sobic.002G057050, Sobic.002G054100, Sobic.002G054200. For identifying the sequence variant Sobic.002G057050-1090 associated with the Rf2 gene, Tru9 I restrictase was chosen, which allows obtaining a 572 bp fragment unique for all the studied R lines. Such a marker was found in 10 sorghum lines from West China and Kyrgyzstan, which are widely used in breeding as fertility restorers. The fragment was found neither in three lines with sterile cytoplasm and their fertile analogues, nor in 7 accessions of kafir sorghum, which lacked functional alleles of Rf genes.Conclusions. It has been demonstrated that the marker can be used for selection and checking purity of R and B/A lines. It is also applicable for verifying hybridity of F1 seeds and analyzing hybrid populations from crosses of R lines 924-4, 928-1, 929-3, 931-1, 933-1/6, 1237-3, 1243-2, 1251, 1150-1, F10BC2 with A lines Nizkorosloe 81s, А-83 and А-10598. It may be suggested that the ability to restore pollen fertility in R lines, which lack the marker CAPS- 572, is determined by another Rf gene. The studied 935 bp fragment of Sobic.002G057050 harbours 22 SNP, therefore the development of CAPS-markers for their identification and differentiation can be promising.

scholarly journals The Wheat 55K SNP-Based Exploration of Loci for Spikelet Number Per Spike From a Tetraploid Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L.) Recombinant Inbred Line Population Derived From a Chinese Landrace ‘ailanmai’ and a Wild Emmer Accession

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ziqiang Mo ◽  
Jing Zhu ◽  
Jiatai Wei ◽  
Jieguang Zhou ◽  
Qiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Inbred Line ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Line ◽  
Recombinant Inbred ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Snp Array ◽  
Tetraploid Wheat ◽  
Spikelet Number ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Spikelet Number Per Spike

Abstract Background: Increasing wheat yield is an urgent task to solve the global food shortage. Spikelet number per spike (SNS) is a key factor in determining kernel number per spike which has a great effect on wheat grain yield. However, modern wheat breeding narrows genetic diversity among cultivars leading to a detrimental effect on future wheat improvement. It is thus of great significance to explore new genetic resources for SNS to increase wheat yield.Results: A tetraploid landrace ‘Ailanmai’ × wild emmer wheat recombinant inbred line (RIL) population was used to construct a high-density genetic map using the wheat 55K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The results showed that 94.83% (6204) of the mapped markers had consistent genetic and physical chromosomal locations. Subsequently, fourteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) for SNS explaining 4.23-27.26% of the phenotypic variation were identified. QSns.sau-AM-2B.3 and QSns.sau-AM-3B.2 were considered as major and novel QTL and their combination had the largest effect and increased SNS by 17.47%. In the physical intervals of QSns.sau-AM-2B.3 and QSns.sau-AM-3B.2, some development-related genes were predicted to participate in the spikelet growth and affect SNS. Additionally, significant correlations between SNS and other agronomic traits like significant and positive correlation between SNS and thousand kernel weight were detected and analyzed. Conclusions: Our study demonstrated the feasibility of wheat 55K SNP array in genetic mapping of tetraploid wheat and provided an example of exploring outstanding genetic resources from wheat related species for further utilization in common wheat improvement.

scholarly journals Heat and Drought Stresses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Substantial Yield Losses, Practical Achievements, Improvement Approaches, and Adaptive Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Zulkiffal ◽  
Aneela Ahsan ◽  
Javed Ahmed ◽  
Muhammad Musa ◽  
Amna Kanwal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Aestivum ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Wheat Improvement ◽  
Adaptive Mechanisms

The major wheat-producing countries have heterogeneous and fragile agro climatic surroundings but frequently restraining wheat yield and quality losses are predominant under heat and drought prone agriculture exclusively when both stresses occur in blend, which looms the food security globally. However, many suggested examples are available in these countries for the mitigation of these two stresses by using different conventional and modern improvement and agronomic approaches. In addition to these approaches, morphological, physiological, anatomical, biochemical, phenological, and physiochemical vicissitudes, which trigged during these stresses, have also been elucidated. There complete deliberation in combination for wheat improvement is still a contest, but a win-win option is a holistic attitude in future.

scholarly journals The genome sequence of the wild tomato Solanum pimpinellifolium provides insights into salinity tolerance

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozaimi Razali ◽  
Salim Bougouffa ◽  
Mitchell J. L. Morton ◽  
Damien J. Lightfoot ◽  
Intikhab Alam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Tolerance ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Protein Function ◽  
Inositol Phosphate ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stress ◽  
Phenotypic Data ◽  
Solanum Pimpinellifolium ◽  
Breeding Potential ◽  
Environmental Robustness ◽  
Genomic Basis

SUMMARYSolanum pimpinellifolium, a wild relative of cultivated tomato, offers a wealth of breeding potential for several desirable traits such as tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses. Here, we report the genome and annotation of S. pimpinellifolium ‘LA0480’. The ‘LA0480’ genome size (811 Mb) and the number of annotated genes (25,970) are within the range observed for other sequenced tomato species. We developed and utilized the Dragon Eukaryotic Analyses Platform (DEAP) to functionally annotate the ‘LA0480’ protein-coding genes. Additionally, we used DEAP to compare protein function between S. pimpinellifolium and cultivated tomato. Our data suggest enrichment in genes involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. Moreover, we present phenotypic data from one field experiment that demonstrate a greater salinity tolerance for fruit-and yield-related traits in S. pimpinellifolium compared with cultivated tomato. To understand the genomic basis for these differences in S. pimpinellifolium and S. lycopersicum, we analyzed 15 genes that have previously been shown to mediate salinity tolerance in plants. We show that S. pimpinellifolium has a higher copy number of the inositol-3-phosphate synthase and phosphatase genes, which are both key enzymes in the production of inositol and its derivatives. Moreover, our analysis indicates that changes occurring in the inositol phosphate pathway may contribute to the observed higher salinity tolerance in ‘LA0480’. Altogether, our work provides essential resources to understand and unlock the genetic and breeding potential of S. pimpinellifolium, and to discover the genomic basis underlying its environmental robustness.

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