PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY AND BREEDING
Latest Publications


TOTAL DOCUMENTS

54
(FIVE YEARS 48)

H-INDEX

3
(FIVE YEARS 2)

Published By Fsbsi Frc N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute Of Plant Genetic Resources

2658-6266

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
K. A. Lukina ◽  
O. Y. Shoeva ◽  
O. N. Kovaleva ◽  
I. G. Loskutov

Background. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) are grain crops belonging to one of the main sources of food and forage in the Russian Federation. They contain proteins, various groups of vitamins, fats, carbohydrates, β-glucans, minerals and different bioloactive compounds, including anthocyanins. Recently, much attention has been given to anthocyanins due to their various valuable properties. Therefore, the grain of barley and oat is a potentially promising economic product and a component of functional nutrition. The aim of this work was to estimate the content of anthocyanins in barley and oat accessions with different pigmentation of kernels and lemma. Materials and methods. 32 barley and 11 oat accessions were studied by spectrophotometry. Anthocyanins were extracted from barley and oat kernels with a 1% HCl solution in methanol. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, accessions and varieties with the highest content of anthocyanins were identified: for barley these are k-15904 (China), k-19906 (Mongolia), k-18709 (Japan), k-18723, k-18729 (Canada), k-17725 (Turkey) belonging to var. violaceum; k-29568 (Japan) – var. densoviolaceum; k-8690 (Ethiopia) – var. griseinigrum; k-28205 (Germany) – var. nudidubium; and for oat these are k-15527 (A. ayssinica Hochst. var. braunii Koern., Ethiopia) and k-15245 (A. strigosa Schreb. subsp. brevis var. tephera Mordv. ex Sold. et Rod., Poland). Conclusion. The obtained results demonstrated that the VIR collection includes accessions with potential value for the development of varieties with an increased anthocyanin content, which can be used as functional food products.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 26-36
Author(s):  
B. V. Rigin ◽  
E. V. Zuev ◽  
I. I Matvienko ◽  
A. S. Andreeva

Background. The knowledge of genetic control of vernalization response in the ultra-early accessions can facilitate bread wheat breeding for a high adaptive capacity. Materials and methods. The study involved the ultra-early lines Rico (k-65588) and Rimax (k-67257) as the earliest maturing lines in the VIR bread wheat collection, as well as 10 Rifor lines (k-67120, k-67121, k-67250-67256) with a high rate of development before heading. A late ripening accession ‘Forlani Roberto’ (k-42641) and ‘Leningradskaya 6’ variety (k-64900), regionally adapted to Northwestern Russia, were also studied. The alleles of the Vrn and Ppd genes were identified by the PCR analysis using the allele-specific primers published in literature sources. The response to vernalization (30 days at 3°C) and a short 12-hour day were determined using a methodology accepted at VIR. Results. The ultra-early lines respond to a short 12-hour day and 30-day vernalization very poorly. The genotype of ultra-early wheat lines is mainly represented by three genes, Vrn-A1, Vrn-B1a, and Vrn-D1, which ensure insensitivity to vernalization alongside with the expression of Ppd-D1a, which controls the response to photoperiod. The ultra-early lines Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 have a recessive allele vrn-A1a, like the original ‘Forlani Roberto’ accession. The lines Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 are vernalization-insensitive under the long day and have a very weak response under the short day (3.5±0.42 days and 4.0±0.61 days, respectively). However, ‘Forlani Roberto’ with the vrn-A1a gene responds to vernalization in the same way under any photoperiod (12.3±1.58 days and 12.2±0.74 days). Conclusion The ultra-early lines of bread wheat Rifor 4 and Rifor 5 with the vrn-A1a gene can have no response to vernalization or have a low level response. This effect can be a reason for the formation of a complex of modifier genes along with the dominant gene Vrn-D1, which forms during the hybridization of F7-8 Rico × Forlani Roberto. The ultra-early lines of bread wheat Rico, Rimax and Rifor (k-67120, k-67121, k-67250-67256) can serve as effective sources of genes for earliness in common wheat breeding.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
E. A. Krylova ◽  
A. S. Mikhailova

Flavonoids play a crucial role in plant metabolism. Many of them have antioxidant activity, and they are also pigments that render a variety of colors to plant tissues. Foods rich in flavonoid compounds are considered as functional components of a healthy diet. Currently, there is an increased interest in studying genetic mechanisms underlying the coloration of plants. Flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are controlled by two groups of genes. Structural genes encode enzymes, while regulatory genes are responsible for transcription factors that activate the expression of structural genes. Transcription factors that belong to R2R3-Myb, bHLH-Myc and WDR families form the ternary MBW complex, which is involved in regulating the expression of structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. The mechanisms of regulation of the anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by the MBW complex are described in detail for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. This review summarizes data on the regulation of phenolic pigment biosynthesis and the features of phenolic pigment accumulation in plant tissues in the main representatives of the Phaseoleae tribe: soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., adzuki bean Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi, and cowpea V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. The species discussed in this review are the most important food legumes in many countries of the world and they comprise the staple food in diets of millions of people. Identification and characterization of the genes controlling the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are necessary for successful breeding of modern varieties with an increased dietary value. Identification of the flavonoid accumulation patterns is essential for solving the problem of broadening the diversity of plant products.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
R. A. Abdullaev ◽  
N. V. Alpatieva ◽  
T. V. Lebedeva ◽  
O. N. Kovaleva ◽  
E. E. Radchenko ◽  
...  

Background. The search for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes that carry effective genes for resistance to powdery mildew agent Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is a present-day issue for Russian plant breeding. The mlo11 allele that confers long-term protection of barley against the pathogen is rarely found among the varieties, approved for cultivation in the territory of Russia. There is no information on the occurrence among Russian varieties of another effective allele, mlo11 (cnv2), therefore, the search for its source is a current necessity. Materials and methods. Seven barley accessions from Ethiopia and 7 accessions from Japan have been tested for resistance to the northwestern population of the powdery mildew agent in the field and in laboratory conditions. To identify of the Mlo gene alleles, nucleotide sequences of the Stowaway-MITE (Miniature Inverted-repeat Transposable Elements) and the adjacent promoter fragments were determined. Results. Phytopathological tests in the field and greenhouse conditions, as well as molecular markers were used to study 14 barley accessions from Ethiopia and Japan. According to the preliminary tests, plants were resistant to powdery mildew. The highly effective allele of powdery mildew resistance mlo11 (cnv2) was for the first time identified in four barley accessions from Ethiopia, k-20087, k-20523, k-20524 and k-28126. Under field conditions, adult plants were resistant, and in the greenhouse they were moderately damaged by powdery mildew (1-2 points). The disease symptoms were similar to those described for the sample Eth295, a carrier of the mlo11(cnv2) allele variant: single pustules and the absence of necrotic spots on the leaves. The fragments of Stowaway-MITE and adjacent Mlo 5' promoter sequences were amplified in all 14 accessions. The amplicons were cloned and sequenced. The unique marker SNPs within the MITE and Mlo 5’ promoter sequences, i.e. the substitutions of cytosine by thymine in positions 262 and 452, were found only in k-20087, k-20523, k-20524 and k-28126. These accessions belong to different botanical varieties and differ from each other in a number of morphological features, i.e. they are not duplicates. Conclusions. The genotypes selected as a result of the study can serve as a source of the mlo11(cnv2) allele in breeding powdery mildew-resistant barley varieties.


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-47
Author(s):  
E. E. Radchenko ◽  
N. V. Alpatieva ◽  
Yu. I. Karabitsina ◽  
M. K. Ryazanova ◽  
E. B. Kuznetsova ◽  
...  

Background. The development of heterotic hybrids based on cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is the leading strategy in breeding sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The trait of pollen fertility restoration in forms with CMS A1 (milo), predominantly used in sorghum breeding, is determined by at least two dominant complementary genes Rf1 and Rf2, and also gene Rf5. The development of accessible molecular markers of sorghum Rf genes is highly relevant for hybrid breeding, since they can significantly accelerate the process of creating female sterile forms (A lines), sterility maintainers (B lines) and pollen fertility restorers (R lines).Material and methods. The studied material included 36 sorghum accessions from the VIR collection, which differed by the ability to restore pollen fertility in forms with A1-type CMS. The nucleotide polymorphism of 935 bp fragments of the PPR genes Sobic.002G057050, Sobic.002G054100, and Sobic.002G054200 located at the chromosome 2 was studied.Results. The fragments obtained with the use of a pair of 2459403fw and 2459403 primers were 935 bp long and included parts of three genes: Sobic.002G057050, Sobic.002G054100, Sobic.002G054200. For identifying the sequence variant Sobic.002G057050-1090 associated with the Rf2 gene, Tru9 I restrictase was chosen, which allows obtaining a 572 bp fragment unique for all the studied R lines. Such a marker was found in 10 sorghum lines from West China and Kyrgyzstan, which are widely used in breeding as fertility restorers. The fragment was found neither in three lines with sterile cytoplasm and their fertile analogues, nor in 7 accessions of kafir sorghum, which lacked functional alleles of Rf genes.Conclusions. It has been demonstrated that the marker can be used for selection and checking purity of R and B/A lines. It is also applicable for verifying hybridity of F1 seeds and analyzing hybrid populations from crosses of R lines 924-4, 928-1, 929-3, 931-1, 933-1/6, 1237-3, 1243-2, 1251, 1150-1, F10BC2 with A lines Nizkorosloe 81s, А-83 and А-10598. It may be suggested that the ability to restore pollen fertility in R lines, which lack the marker CAPS- 572, is determined by another Rf gene. The studied 935 bp fragment of Sobic.002G057050 harbours 22 SNP, therefore the development of CAPS-markers for their identification and differentiation can be promising.


Author(s):  
E. V. Semenova ◽  
I. A. Kosareva

Background. As a result of global warming, climate change is now taking place, increasing the frequency and duration of droughts. Therefore, the development of new varieties with an increased drought resistance and adaptation to certain environmental conditions is of primary importance. The aim of this work was to modify the express method of drought resistance evaluation in peas at an early stage of plant growth and development, and to apply this method to test 50 accessions from the VIR global collection.Materials and methods. Drought resistance studies involved garden pea accessions of different eco-geographic origin, which had been previously characterized in field tests in conditions of the Krasnodar Territory in 2017-2019. The roll-ups protocol was used for evaluating early drought resistance in the accessions. The stress intensity was modified by varying the concentration of sucrose in the solution used for growing of pea seedlings. To select an appropriate concentration, an osmotic pressure of 0.5 and 0.7 MPa was applied. As a result, the osmotic pressure of 0.5 MPa was chosen. The diagnostic criterion of the method is the radicle length index (RLI), that is, the ratio of the average radicle length of seedlings against a provocative background to the control values.Results. The osmotically active solution led to significant reduction in the radicle length of pea seedlings. The studied accessions exhibited considerable genetic variability for early drought tolerance, the RLI value varied from 0.28 to 0.88. Sources of high drought resistance during the period of seedling growth have been identified. The correlation analysis showed the absence of a reliable relationship between the RLI and the crop structure indicators (correlation coefficients from r = +0.17 to r = -0.24).Conclusion. By using the method of determining the relative drought tolerance at early stages of pea accessions development, one highly resistant (k-9333 from Morocco) and 10 resistant accessions (k-1495, k-9372, k-9401, k-9418, k-9733, k-9909, k-9934, k-9938, k-10072, and k-10116.) have been identified.


Author(s):  
E. I. Gultyaeva ◽  
E. L. Shaydayuk

Background. Wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Erikss. is a significant wheat disease in all regions of the Russian Federation. The genetic diversity of the cultivated wheat varieties regarding the type of resistance and genes that control it ensures reliable protection of this crop against the pathogen. The aim of this work was to characterize the diversity of new Russian varieties of winter and spring common wheat for leaf rust resistance genes (Lr-genes).Materials and Methods. The research material was represented by 43 varieties of winter and 25 of spring wheat included in the State Register of Selection Achievements of the Russian Federation in 2018-2020.Results. Using molecular markers, 18 Lr genes were identified: Lr1, Lr3, Lr9, Lr10, Lr19, Lr20, Lr21, Lr24, Lr25, Lr26, Lr28, Lr29, Lr34, Lr35, Lr37, Lr41 (39), Lr47 and Lr66. A phytopathological test was used to clarify the results of molecular analysis. Ninety-three percent of the studied wheat varieties were found to contain Lr genes, either separately or in combinations. These were the highly and partially effective genes Lr24, Lr9, and Lr19, adult plant resistance genes Lr34 and Lr37, and ineffective genes Lr1, Lr3, Lr10, Lr20, and Lr26. The Lr24 gene has been identified for the first time in Russian varieties. The spring variety ‘Leader 80’, harboring this gene, is recommended for cultivation in the West Siberian and East Siberian regions. An effective combination of Lr9 + Lr26 genes, individually overcome by the pathogen, was determined in the spring cultivar ‘Silach’, highly resistant to leaf rust. The Lr9 gene was found in the winter variety ‘Gerda’, which is recommended for cultivation in the North Caucasus region. Previously, the varieties with Lr9 were not grown in the North Caucasus. An increase in the number of leaf rust resistant accessions protected by the effective adult plant resistance gene Lr37 is noted among wheat varieties undergoing regional adaptation testing. Many of the identified Lr genes (Lr19, Lr24, Lr26, Lr34, Lr37) are linked with effective Sr genes (Sr25, Sr24, Sr31, Sr57, and Sr38), which additionally ensures stable genetic protection of wheat against stem rust.Conclusions. The obtained information about representation of Lr genes in wheat varieties should be used in regional breeding programs. A timely replacement of genetically protected varieties allows stabilizing the populational composition of the phytopathogen and reducing the likelihood of epiphytotics.


Author(s):  
I. N. Anisimova ◽  
Yu. I. Karabitsina ◽  
N. V. Alpatieva ◽  
E. B. Kusnetsova ◽  
N. V. Titov ◽  
...  

Background. Modern production of sunflower seeds is currently based on the cultivation of high-yielding heterotic F1 hybrids from cross-breeding of lines with cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) of PET1-type and fertility restorer lines. The paternal parent serves as a donor of the nuclear Rf1 gene functional allele, which is responsible for pollen fertility restoration in F1 plants. The detection of carriers of the Rf1 locus recessive and dominant alleles using diagnostic molecular markers accelerates breeding of female and male parental lines for creating hybrids. Materials and methods. The material for the study included 75 lines of various origins from the VIR sunflower genetic collection as well as hybrids from crosses of VIR 116A sterile line with fertile lines differing in the type of cytoplasm (fertile or sterile) and the presence of molecular markers, most of which were linked to the Rf1 locus. For marker validation, two different approaches were used: either by analyzing associations between the ability of a line to restore pollen fertility and the presence of molecular markers in its genotype, or by estimating recombination frequency between the Rf1 locus and marker loci in four segregating hybrid populations. Results. According to the obtained results, no markers demonstrated 100% efficiency in the analysis of the sample of genotypes. The ORS511 marker was most frequently observed among the lines presumably carrying the dominant allele Rf1. Pollen fertility of F1 hybrids from interline crossings was 89-99%. The segregation for fertility/sterility in F2 fitted the theoretical ratio of 3:1 expected in case of the monogenic control of the trait. The markers HRG01, HRG02 and ORS511 were linked to the fertility restoration trait, with recombination rates between Rf1 locus and markers varying in different cross combinations. The analysis of VIR 116А × VIR 740 and VIR 116А × RIL 130 hybrids showed that among the marker loci studied, the ORS511 was closest to the Rf1 locus Rf1 (recombination frequency of 2.2 and 3.3%, respectively). The recombination rate between the Rf1 and ORS511 loci equaled 7.5% in the cross VIR 116А × VIR 210 and 8.9% in VIR 116 × VIR 195. Conclusion. The markers ORS511, HRG01 and HRG02 are the most efficient for the identification of alleles of the Rf1 gene and for the marker assisted selection in hybrid populations produced involving sunflower lines from the VIR collection.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
O. Yu. Antonova ◽  
N. S. Klimenko ◽  
D. A. Rybakov ◽  
N. A. Fomina ◽  
V. V. Zheltova ◽  
...  

The N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR) is developing new approaches to documentation of national cultivars, taking into account recommendations of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants in parallel with methods of genetic certification. The nomenclatural standard of a particular cultivar represented by a herbarium specimen can be used as a reference for verifying authenticity and uniformity of cultivar specimens obtained from various sources. The verification requires fast and reliable methods for cultivar genotyping. This paper presents protocols for modified methods of DNA extraction, PCR-analysis and SSR-genotyping, which allow potato cultivars identification without the use of expensive reagent kits. A set of ten chromosome-specific microsatellite markers was used to study polymorphisms in 66 modern Russian potato cultivars, as well as in 11 pre-cultivars and breeding clones, represented by nomenclatural standards and voucher specimens, respectively. This subset of 77 specimens has demonstrated a high level of polymorphism in ten studied microsatellite loci. The SSR analysis identified 73 alleles; 7.3 alleles per locus were observed on average, the number of which varied from 3 (STG0025 locus) to 11 (locus StI046). The PIC values varied from 0.544 (STG0025 locus) to 0.836 (StI046 locus). The alleles, unique for this subset, were found at six studied loci. The high level of polymorphism at the SSR loci made it possible to unambiguously identify almost every cultivar, with the exception of the expected coincidence of microsatellite profiles of two cultivars, which are somaclonal variants. Using an optimized set of eight microsatellite markers, the genetic relationships of modern Russian potato cultivars were studied.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 6-17
Author(s):  
T. A. Gavrilenko ◽  
I. G. Chukhina

VIR is creating a collection of nomenclature standards for cultivars of different crops in line with the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). The nomenclatural standards are designed in the form of a herbarium sample in cooperation with the authors of cultivars, who select plant material for each cultivar in the experimental field of their organization and forward it to the scientific herbarium together with the accompanying documents. Registering of herbarium specimen in the scientific herbarium is followed by the publication of nomenclatural standards. The article presents a new VIR genebank strategy for registering plant material of domestic cultivars received from breeders, which includes the design of nomenclatural standards; the development of a genetic passport of a cultivar using DNA samples from the plant delivered to the scientific herbarium; and application of biotechnological methods for keeping explants (isolated from the acquired plant material as buds or meristems) alive. The proposed integrated approach makes it possible to document cultivars not only with the help of nomenclatural standards, but also with the use of molecular-genetic methods, as well as to save genotyped specimens, transferred to herbarium, in in vitro and in cryo collections. This approach is applicable to any vegetatively propagated crop. The article summarizes the first results of our proposed strategy using modern domestic potato cultivars as an example. Collection, transfer and preparation of plant material for nomenclatural standards of potato varieties are specific; this article explains our protocol for this work. The implementation of this strategy in 2018-2020 led to the designation of nomenclatural standards for 66 Russian potato varieties and elaboration of their genetic passports, which are presented in a series of articles included into issues Nos.3 and 4, Volume 3, of the journal “Plant Biotechnology and Breeding”, containing an overview of methodological approaches to registration of modern domestic cultivars in the VIR collection. DNA samples obtained from the plant material provided by the cultivar authors for nomenclatural standard designation will continue to be used as a source of information on the genetic potential of a cultivar through the expansion of the list of DNA markers and the application of new genetic technologies.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document