scholarly journals Are local dominance and inter-clade dynamics causally linked when one fossil clade displaces another?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Lidgard ◽  
Emanuela Di Martino ◽  
Kamil Zágoršek ◽  
Lee Hsiang Liow
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Species Occurrences ◽  
Species Proportions ◽  
Local Dominance ◽  
Ecological Equivalence ◽  
Cheilostome Bryozoans

AbstractDisputing the supposition that ecological competition drives macroevolutionary patterns is now a familiar goal in many fossil biodiversity studies. But it is an elusive goal, hampered by patchy sampling, few assemblage-level comparative analyses, unverified ecological equivalence of clades and a dearth of appropriate statistical tools. We address these concerns with a fortified and vetted compilation of 40190 fossil species occurrences of cyclostome and cheilostome bryozoans, a canonical example of one taxonomically dominant clade being displaced by another. Dramatic increases in Cretaceous cheilostome genus diversification rates begin millions of years before cheilostomes overtake cyclostomes in local species proportions. Moreover, analyses of origination and extinction rates over 150 Myr suggest that inter-clade dynamics are causally linked to each other, but not to changing assemblage-level proportions.One Sentence SummaryGlobal fossil diversification rates and local taxonomic dominance are not causally linked.

scholarly journals When fossil clades ‘compete’: local dominance, global diversification dynamics and causation

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1959) ◽  
pp. 20211632
Author(s):  
Scott Lidgard ◽  
Emanuela Di Martino ◽  
Kamil Zágoršek ◽  
Lee Hsiang Liow
Keyword(s):  
Time Series Models ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Genus Richness ◽  
Local Species ◽  
Species Occurrences ◽  
Species Proportions ◽  
Local Dominance ◽  
Ecological Equivalence ◽  
Cheilostome Bryozoans

Examining the supposition that local-scale competition drives macroevolutionary patterns has become a familiar goal in fossil biodiversity studies. However, it is an elusive goal, hampered by inadequate confirmation of ecological equivalence and interactive processes between clades, patchy sampling, few comparative analyses of local species assemblages over long geological intervals, and a dearth of appropriate statistical tools. We address these concerns by reevaluating one of the classic examples of clade displacement in the fossil record, in which cheilostome bryozoans surpass the once dominant cyclostomes. Here, we analyse a newly expanded and vetted compilation of 40 190 fossil species occurrences to estimate cheilostome and cyclostome patterns of species proportions within assemblages, global genus richness and genus origination and extinction rates while accounting for sampling. Comparison of time-series models using linear stochastic differential equations suggests that inter-clade genus origination and extinction rates are causally linked to each other in a complex feedback relationship rather than by simple correlations or unidirectional relationships, and that these rates are not causally linked to changing within-assemblage proportions of cheilostome versus cyclostome species.

scholarly journals Exploring diversification drivers in golden orbweavers

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva Turk ◽  
Simona Kralj-Fišer ◽  
Matjaž Kuntner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Sexual Size Dimorphism ◽  
Male Body ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Size Dimorphism ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Intermediate Phenotypes ◽  
Dispersal Propensity ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Class Models

AbstractHeterogeneity in species diversity is driven by the dynamics of speciation and extinction, potentially influenced by organismal and environmental factors. Here, we explore macroevolutionary trends on a phylogeny of golden orbweavers (spider family Nephilidae). Our initial inference detects heterogeneity in speciation and extinction, with accelerated extinction rates in the extremely sexually size dimorphic Nephila and accelerated speciation in Herennia, a lineage defined by highly derived, arboricolous webs, and pronounced island endemism. We evaluate potential drivers of this heterogeneity that relate to organisms and their environment. Primarily, we test two continuous organismal factors for correlation with diversification in nephilids: phenotypic extremeness (female and male body length, and sexual size dimorphism as their ratio) and dispersal propensity (through range sizes as a proxy). We predict a bell-shaped relationship between factor values and speciation, with intermediate phenotypes exhibiting highest diversification rates. Analyses using SSE-class models fail to support our two predictions, suggesting that phenotypic extremeness and dispersal propensity cannot explain patterns of nephilid diversification. Furthermore, two environmental factors (tropical versus subtropical and island versus continental species distribution) indicate only marginal support for higher speciation in the tropics. Although our results may be affected by methodological limitations imposed by a relatively small phylogeny, it seems that the tested organismal and environmental factors play little to no role in nephilid diversification. In the phylogeny of golden orbweavers, the recent hypothesis of universal diversification dynamics may be the simplest explanation of macroevolutionary patterns.

scholarly journals Interaction Between Ploidy, Breeding System, and Lineage Diversification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosana Zenil-Ferguson ◽  
J. Gordon Burleigh ◽  
William A. Freyman ◽  
Boris Igić ◽  
Itay Mayrose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breeding System ◽  
Whole Genome Duplication ◽  
Genome Duplication ◽  
Whole Genome ◽  
Self Incompatibility ◽  
Evolutionary Pathway ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Biological Hierarchy ◽  
Lineage Diversification

AbstractIf particular traits consistently affect rates of speciation and extinction, broad macroevolutionary patterns can be understood as consequences of selection at high levels of the biological hierarchy. Identifying traits associated with diversification rate differences is complicated by the wide variety of characters under consideration and the statistical challenges of testing for associations from comparative phylogenetic data. Ploidy (diploid vs. polyploid states) and breeding system (self-incompatible vs. self-compatible states) have been repeatedly suggested as possible drivers of differential diversification. We investigate the connections of these traits, including their interaction, to speciation and extinction rates in Solanaceae. We show that the effect of ploidy on diversification can be largely explained by its correlation with breeding system and that additional unknown factors, alongside breeding system, influence diversification rates. These results are largely robust to allowing for diploidization. Finally, we find that the most common evolutionary pathway to polyploidy in Solanaceae occurs via direct breakdown of self-incompatibility by whole genome duplication, rather than indirectly via breakdown followed by polyploidization.

On the role of enemies in divergence and diversification of prey: a review and synthesis

2005 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 894-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven M Vamosi
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cues ◽  
Phenotypic Diversity ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ecological Interactions ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Phenotypic Divergence ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Understanding the contribution of ecological interactions to the origin and maintenance of diversity is a fundamental challenge for ecologists and evolutionary biologists, and one that is currently receiving a great deal of attention. Natural enemies (e.g., predators, parasites, and herbivores) are ubiquitous in food webs and are predicted to have significant impacts on phenotypic diversity and on speciation, and extinction rates of their prey. Spurred by the development of a theoretical framework beginning in the late 1970s, there is now a growing body of literature that addresses the effects of enemy–prey interactions on the evolution of prey. A number of theoretical models predict that enemies can produce phenotypic divergence between closely related species, even in the absence of interspecific competition for resources. Effects on diversification of prey are more variable, and enemies may either enhance or depress speciation and extinction rates of their prey. Empirical evidences from a number of study systems, notably those involving predators and prey in aquatic environments and interactions between insects and flowering plants, confirm both predictions. There is now considerable evidence for the role of enemies, especially those that are size-selective or use visual cues when identifying suitable prey, on phenotypic divergence of sympatric and allopatric taxa. Enemies may spur diversification rates in certain groups under some circumstances, and hinder diversification rates in other cases. I suggest that further research should focus on the role of enemies in diversification of prey, with significant insights likely to be the product of applying traditional experimental approaches and emerging comparative phylogenetic methods.

scholarly journals Hummingbird pollination and the diversification of angiosperms: an old and successful association in Gesneriaceae

2017 ◽  
Vol 284 (1852) ◽  
pp. 20162816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martha Liliana Serrano-Serrano ◽  
Jonathan Rolland ◽  
John L. Clark ◽  
Nicolas Salamin ◽  
Mathieu Perret
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Functional Groups ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Insect Pollination ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Hummingbird Pollination ◽  
Rapid Diversification ◽  
Specific Association ◽  
Floral Specialization

The effects of specific functional groups of pollinators in the diversification of angiosperms are still to be elucidated. We investigated whether the pollination shifts or the specific association with hummingbirds affected the diversification of a highly diverse angiosperm lineage in the Neotropics. We reconstructed a phylogeny of 583 species from the Gesneriaceae family and detected diversification shifts through time, inferred the timing and amount of transitions among pollinator functional groups, and tested the association between hummingbird pollination and speciation and extinction rates. We identified a high frequency of pollinator transitions, including reversals to insect pollination. Diversification rates of the group increased through time since 25 Ma, coinciding with the evolution of hummingbird-adapted flowers and the arrival of hummingbirds in South America. We showed that plants pollinated by hummingbirds have a twofold higher speciation rate compared with plants pollinated by insects, and that transitions among functional groups of pollinators had little impact on the diversification process. We demonstrated that floral specialization on hummingbirds for pollination has triggered rapid diversification in the Gesneriaceae family since the Early Miocene, and that it represents one of the oldest identified plant–hummingbird associations. Biotic drivers of plant diversification in the Neotropics could be more related to this specific type of pollinator (hummingbirds) than to shifts among different functional groups of pollinators.

Growth in encrusting cheilostome bryozoans: I. Evolutionary trends

Paleobiology ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Lidgard ◽  
Jeremy B. C. Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Basic Element ◽  
Fossil Species ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Fossil Assemblages ◽  
Ecological Dominance ◽  
Cheilostome Bryozoans

Growth of the colony is a basic element of morphological evolution and life history in cheilostome bryozoans. Here we consider the occurrence of different modes of growth in encrusting cheilostomes through geologic time and in well-studied living associations. We assess patterns of zooid formation by direct examination of skeletal characters in species from nearly all diverse fossil assemblages reported from North America and quantify within-assemblage diversities and abundance rankings for fossil encrusting species with different modes of growth. These data document macroevolutionary trends showing a transition from dominance of an apparently primitive mode of budding in the Early Cretaceous to derived modes through the Tertiary. The trends are characterized by their long duration and apparent convergence among systematic subgroups within the Cheilostomata. We then consider the validity of our observations as adaptive trends. Patterns of ecological dominance among living and fossil species indicate that different patterns of zooid formation are important determinants of success of colonies as reflected by their abundance, competitive ability, survivorship, and recovery from injury or predation. The consistency of the long-term trends and evidence for the existence of ecological mechanisms in fossil assemblages suggest a major evolutionary role for biotic interactions.

scholarly journals Diatoms diversify and turn over faster in freshwater than marine environments

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teofil Nakov ◽  
Jeremy Michael Beaulieu ◽  
Andrew James Alverson
Keyword(s):  
Turnover Rate ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
Freshwater Diatoms ◽  
Marine Realm ◽  
Turn Over ◽  
Freshwater Environments

AbstractMany clades that span the marine-freshwater boundary are disproportionately more diverse in the younger, shorter-lived, and scarcer freshwater environments than they are in the marine realm. This disparity is thought to be related to differences in diversification rates between marine and freshwater lineages. However, marine and freshwaters are not ecologically homogeneous, so the study of diversification across the salinity divide should also account for other potentially interacting variables. In diatoms, freshwater and substrate-associated (benthic) lineages are several-fold more diverse than their marine and suspended (planktonic) counterparts. These imbalances provide an excellent system to understand whether these variables interact with diversification. Using multistate hidden-state speciation and extinction models we found that freshwater lineages diversify faster than marine lineages regardless of whether they inhabit the plankton or the benthos. Freshwater lineages also had higher turnover rates (speciation + extinction), suggesting that habitat transitions impact speciation and extinction rates jointly. The plankton-benthos contrast was also consistent with state-dependent diversification, but with modest differences in diversification and turnover rates. Asymmetric, and bidirectional transitions rejected hypotheses about the plankton and freshwaters as absorbing, inescapable habitats. Our results further suggest that the high turnover rate of freshwater diatoms is related to high turnover of freshwater systems themselves.

scholarly journals Hybridizing salamanders experience accelerated diversification

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Austin H. Patton ◽  
Mark J. Margres ◽  
Brendan Epstein ◽  
Jon Eastman ◽  
Luke J. Harmon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Speciation Rates ◽  
Evolutionary Role ◽  
Taxonomic Order

ABSTRACTWhether hybridization generates or erodes species diversity has long been debated, but to date most studies have been conducted at small taxonomic scales. Salamanders (order Caudata) represent a taxonomic order in which hybridization plays a prevalent ecological and evolutionary role. We employed a recently developed model of trait-dependent diversification to test the hypothesis that hybridization impacts the diversification dynamics of species that are currently hybridizing. We find strong evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hybridizing salamander lineages have significantly greater net-diversification rates than non-hybridizing lineages. This pattern is driven by concurrently increased speciation rates and decreased extinction rates in hybridizing lineages. Our results support the hypothesis that hybridization can act as a generative force in macroevolutionary diversification.

scholarly journals Diversification dynamics of hypermetamorphic blister beetles (Meloidae): Are homoplastic host shifts and phoresy key factors of a rushing forward strategy to escape extinction?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.K. López-Estrada ◽  
I. Sanmartín ◽  
J.E. Uribe ◽  
S. Abalde ◽  
M. García-París
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
Complex Life Cycle ◽  
Life Strategies ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Host Shifts ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
State Dependent ◽  
History Of

ABSTRACTChanges in life history traits, including reproductive strategies or host shifts, are often considered triggers of speciation, affecting diversification rates. Subsequently, these shifts can have dramatic effects on the evolutionary history of a lineage. In this study, we examine the consequences of changes in life history traits, in particular host-type and phoresy, within the hypermetamorphic clade of blister beetles (Meloidae). This clade exhibits a complex life cycle involving multiple metamorphoses and parasitoidism. Most tribes within the clade are bee-parasitoids, phoretic or non-phoretic, while two tribes feed on grasshopper eggs. Species richness differs greatly between bee and grasshopper specialist clades, and between phoretic and non-phoretic genera. We generated a mitogenomic phylogeny of the hypermetamorphic clade of Meloidae, including 21 newly generated complete mitogenomes. The phylogeny and estimated lineage divergence times were used to explore the association between diversification rates and changes in host specificity and phoresy, using State-Dependent Speciation and Extinction (SSE) models, while accounting for hidden factors and phylogenetic uncertainty within a Bayesian framework. The ancestor of the hypermetamorphic Meloidae was a non-phoretic bee-parasitoid, and independent transitions towards phoretic bee-parasitoidism or grasshopper specialization occurred multiple times. Bee-parasitoid lineages that are non-phoretic have significantly higher relative extinction rates and lower diversification rates than grasshopper specialists or phoretic bee-parasitoids, while no significant differences were found between the latter two strategies. This suggests that these two life strategies contributed independently to the evolutionary success of Nemognathinae and Meloinae, allowing them to escape from the evolutionary constraints imposed by their hypermetamorphic life-cycle, and that the “bee-by-crawling” strategy may be an evolutionary “dead end”. We show how SSE models can be used not only for testing diversification dependence in relation to the focal character but to identify hidden traits contributing to the diversification dynamics. The ability of blister beetles to explore new evolutionary scenarios including the development of homoplastic life strategies, are extraordinary outcomes along the evolution of a single lineage: the hypermetamorphic Meloidae.

scholarly journals Ecological Specialization and Diversification in Birds

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas M. A. Crouch ◽  
Robert E. Ricklefs ◽  
Boris Igić
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Ecological Specialization ◽  
Diversification Rates ◽  
Speciation Rate ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Allopatric Species ◽  
Species Formation ◽  
Geographic Distributions ◽  
Local Ecology ◽  
Lineage Diversification

AbstractEcological specialization is widely thought to influence patterns of species richness by affecting rates at which species multiply and perish. Quantifying specialization is challenging, and using only one or a small number of ecological axes could bias estimates of overall specialization. Here, we calculate an index of specialization, based on seven measured traits, and estimate its effect on speciation and extinction rates in a large clade of birds. We find that speciation rate is independent of specialization, suggesting independence of local ecology and the geographic distributions of populations that promote allopatric species formation. Although some analyses suggest that more specialized species have higher extinction rates, leading to negative net diversification, this relationship is not consistently identified across our analyses. Our results suggest that specialization may drive diversification dynamics only on local scales or in specific clades, but is not generally responsible for macroevolutionary disparity in lineage diversification rates.

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