scholarly journals Bacterial precursors and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are biomarkers of North-Atlantic demosponges

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna de Kluijver ◽  
Klaas G.J. Nierop ◽  
Teresa M. Morganti ◽  
Martijn C. Bart ◽  
Beate M. Slaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
The North ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Long Chain

AbstractSponges produce distinct fatty acids (FAs) that (potentially) can be used as chemotaxonomic and ecological biomarkers to study endosymbiont-host interactions and the functional ecology of sponges. Here, we present FA profiles of five common habitat-building deep-sea sponges (class Demospongiae, order Tetractinellida), which are classified as high microbial abundance (HMA) species. Geodia hentscheli, G. parva, G. atlantica, G. barretti, and Stelletta rhaphidiophora were collected from boreal and Arctic sponge grounds in the North-Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial FAs dominated in all five species and particularly isomeric mixtures of mid-chain branched FAs (MBFAs, 8- and 9-Me-C16:0 and 10 and 11-Me-C18:0) were found in high abundance (together ≥ 20% of total FAs) aside more common bacterial markers. In addition, the sponges produced long-chain linear, mid- and a(i)-branched unsaturated FAs (LCFAs) with a chain length of 24‒28 C atoms and had predominantly the typical Δ5,9 unsaturation, although also Δ9,19 and (yet undescribed) Δ11,21 unsaturations were identified. G. parva and S. rhaphidiophora each produced distinct LCFAs, while G. atlantica, G. barretti, and G. hentscheli produced similar LCFAs, but in different ratios. The different bacterial precursors varied in carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), with MBFAs being more enriched compared to other bacterial (linear and a(i)-branched) FAs. We propose biosynthetic pathways for different LCFAs from their bacterial precursors, that are consistent with small isotopic differences found in LCFAs. Indeed, FA profiles of deep-sea sponges can serve as chemotaxonomic markers and support the conception that sponges acquire building blocks from their endosymbiotic bacteria.

scholarly journals Bacterial precursors and unsaturated long-chain fatty acids are biomarkers of North-Atlantic deep-sea demosponges

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0241095
Author(s):  
Anna de Kluijver ◽  
Klaas G. J. Nierop ◽  
Teresa M. Morganti ◽  
Martijn C. Bart ◽  
Beate M. Slaby ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Carbon Isotopic Composition ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Functional Ecology ◽  
The North ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Long Chain

Sponges produce distinct fatty acids (FAs) that (potentially) can be used as chemotaxonomic and ecological biomarkers to study endosymbiont-host interactions and the functional ecology of sponges. Here, we present FA profiles of five common habitat-building deep-sea sponges (class Demospongiae, order Tetractinellida), which are classified as high microbial abundance (HMA) species. Geodia hentscheli, G. parva, G. atlantica, G. barretti, and Stelletta rhaphidiophora were collected from boreal and Arctic sponge grounds in the North-Atlantic Ocean. Bacterial FAs dominated in all five species and particularly isomeric mixtures of mid-chain branched FAs (MBFAs, 8- and 9-Me-C16:0 and 10- and 11-Me-C18:0) were found in high abundance (together ≥ 20% of total FAs) aside more common bacterial markers. In addition, the sponges produced long-chain linear, mid- and a(i)-branched unsaturated FAs (LCFAs) with a chain length of 24‒28 C atoms and had predominantly the typical Δ5,9 unsaturation, although the Δ9,19 and (yet undescribed) Δ11,21 unsaturations were also identified. G. parva and S. rhaphidiophora each produced distinct LCFAs, while G. atlantica, G. barretti, and G. hentscheli produced similar LCFAs, but in different ratios. The different bacterial precursors varied in carbon isotopic composition (δ13C), with MBFAs being more enriched compared to other bacterial (linear and a(i)-branched) FAs. We propose biosynthetic pathways for different LCFAs from their bacterial precursors, that are consistent with small isotopic differences found in LCFAs. Indeed, FA profiles of deep-sea sponges can serve as chemotaxonomic markers and support the concept that sponges acquire building blocks from their endosymbiotic bacteria.

Climatic forcing of quaternary deep-sea benthic communities in the North Pacific Ocean

Paleobiology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 162-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moriaki Yasuhara ◽  
Gene Hunt ◽  
Thomas M. Cronin ◽  
Natsumi Hokanishi ◽  
Hodaka Kawahata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Climate Changes ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Pacific Ocean ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Climatic Forcing ◽  
Shatsky Rise ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Pacific

There is growing evidence that changes in deep-sea benthic ecosystems are modulated by climate changes, but most evidence to date comes from the North Atlantic Ocean. Here we analyze new ostracod and published foraminiferal records for the last 250,000 years on Shatsky Rise in the North Pacific Ocean. Using linear models, we evaluate statistically the ability of environmental drivers (temperature, productivity, and seasonality of productivity) to predict changes in faunal diversity, abundance, and composition. These microfossil data show glacial-interglacial shifts in overall abundances and species diversities that are low during glacial intervals and high during interglacials. These patterns replicate those previously documented in the North Atlantic Ocean, suggesting that the climatic forcing of the deep-sea ecosystem is widespread, and possibly global in nature. However, these results also reveal differences with prior studies that probably reflect the isolated nature of Shatsky Rise as a remote oceanic plateau. Ostracod assemblages on Shatsky Rise are highly endemic but of low diversity, consistent with the limited dispersal potential of these animals. Benthic foraminifera, by contrast, have much greater dispersal ability and their assemblages at Shatsky Rise show diversities typical for deep-sea faunas in other regions.Statistical analyses also reveal ostracod-foraminferal differences in relationships between environmental drivers and biotic change. Rarefied diversity is best explained as a hump-shaped function of surface productivity in ostracods, but as having a weak and positive relationship with temperature in foraminifera. Abundance shows a positive relationship with both productivity and seasonality of productivity in foraminifera, and a hump-shaped relationship with productivity in ostracods. Finally, species composition in ostracods is influenced by both temperature and productivity, but only a temperature effect is evident in foraminifera. Though complex in detail, the global-scale link between deep-sea ecosystems and Quaternary climate changes underscores the importance of the interaction between the physical and biological components of paleoceanographical research for better understanding the history of the biosphere.

scholarly journals A review of the genus Iridogorgia (Octocorallia: Chrysogorgiidae) and its relatives, chiefly from the North Atlantic Ocean

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 393-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Les Watling
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
New England ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
New Genus ◽  
Growth Form ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Exploration of the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts produced four new species of chrysogorgiid octocorals with the spiral iridogorgiid growth form. Three species are described as new in the genus Iridogorgia and one is described in the new genus Rhodaniridogorgia. Both genera have representatives in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. Iridogorgia magnispiralis sp. nov., is one of the largest octocorals encountered in the deep sea and seems to be widespread in the Atlantic.

First record of the rare deep-sea polychaete Rhamphobrachium (Rhamphobrachium) agassizii (Annelida: Onuphidae) in European waters

2020 ◽  
Vol 100 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-724
Author(s):  
Andrés Arias ◽  
Hannelore Paxton
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
First Record ◽  
Polychaete Species ◽  
Azores Archipelago ◽  
The North ◽  
Deep Water Species ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Water Species

AbstractRhamphobrachium (Rhamphobrachium) agassizii is reported from the Cantabrian Sea, Spain, from depths of 925–1207 m. This is its first record off the Iberian Peninsula and in European waters, representing its northernmost distribution in the North Atlantic Ocean to date. Previous reports of R. (R.) agassizii from the eastern and western North Atlantic demonstrate its apparent amphi-Atlantic distribution, which appears consistent with the distribution of the main Atlantic currents. It is a typical deep-water species with its deepest record at 2165 m from the Azores archipelago. The specimens were collected singly at two stations, attesting to the rarity of the species in contrast to its congener R. (Spinigerium) brevibrachiatum which was the most dominant polychaete species in a previous study.

DEEP-SEA MYSIDS FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN WITH DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW SPECIES

Crustaceana ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masaaki Murano ◽  
John Mauchline
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Stomach Contents ◽  
Pelagic Species ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
First Time

AbstractSeven species of Erythropini from the northeast Atlantic and one from the northwest Atlantic are dealt with. Four are described as new species, and three are new to science but remain unnamed because of mutilated condition. A known species Katerythrops oceanae, is described for the first time for the male pleopods and a revision of the diagnosis of the genus is presented. Five are pelagic species while three were obtained from the stomach contents of demersal fishes. Huit especes d'Erythropini de l'Atlantique sont traitees, dont sept du nord-est et une du nordouest de cet ocean. Quatre sont decrites comme nouvelles et trois sont nouvelle pour la science, mais non nommees en raison de leur condition mutilee. Les pleopodes males d'un espece connue, Katerythrops oceanae, sont decrits pour la premiere fois et la diagnose du genre est revisee. Cinq especes sont pelagiques et trois proviennent de contenus stomacaux de poissons demersaux.

scholarly journals Reproductive Biology of Geodia Species (Porifera, Tetractinellida) From Boreo-Arctic North-Atlantic Deep-Sea Sponge Grounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Koutsouveli ◽  
Paco Cárdenas ◽  
Maria Conejero ◽  
Hans Tore Rapp ◽  
Ana Riesgo
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Light And Electron Microscopy ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Sponge Tissue ◽  
The North ◽  
Vitellogenic Stage

Boreo-arctic sponge grounds are essential deep-sea structural habitats that provide important services for the ecosystem. These large sponge aggregations are dominated by demosponges of the genus Geodia (order Tetractinellida, family Geodiidae). However, little is known about the basic biological features of these species, such as their life cycle and dispersal capabilities. Here, we surveyed five deep-sea species of Geodia from the North-Atlantic Ocean and studied their reproductive cycle and strategy using light and electron microscopy. The five species were oviparous and gonochoristic. Synchronous development was observed at individual and population level in most of the species. Oocytes had diameters ranging from 8 μm in previtellogenic stage to 103 μm in vitellogenic stage. At vitellogenic stages, oocytes had high content of lipid yolk entirely acquired by autosynthesis, with no participation of nurse cells. Intense vertical transmission of bacterial symbionts to the oocytes by phagocytosis through pseudopodia was observed, especially in late stages of oogenesis. The density of oocytes within the sponge tissue was on average 10 oocytes/mm2 across all species, higher than that of most temperate and tropical oviparous species studied elsewhere. Spermatic cysts were widespread over the tissue during early stages, or fused in larger cysts, around the canals in later stages, and occupying between 1.5 and 12% of the tissue in males. The reproductive season spanned similar periods for all Geodia spp.: from late spring to early autumn. During the reproductive peak of each species, between 60 and 90% of the population was engaged in reproduction for most species. Given the present hazards that threaten the boreo-arctic tetractinellid sponge grounds, it becomes crucial to understand the processes behind the maintenance and regeneration of populations of keystone deep-sea species in order to predict the magnitude of human impacts and estimate their ability to recover. The information provided in this study will be useful for developing adequate conservation strategies for these vulnerable deep-sea habitats.

Radionuclides in deep-sea fish and other organisms from the North Atlantic Ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 333-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando P. Carvalho ◽  
João M. Oliveira ◽  
Margarida Malta
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Radiation Doses ◽  
Anthropogenic Radionuclides ◽  
The North ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radionuclides ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Sea Fish

Abstract Carvalho, F. P., Oliveira, J. M., and Malta, M. 2011. Radionuclides in deep-sea fish and other organisms from the North Atlantic Ocean – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 333–340. The naturally occurring radionuclides potassium-40 (40K), radium-226 (226Ra), polonium-210 (210Po), and lead-210 (210Pb) were measured in commercial fish species such as cod, halibut, redfish, and shark from several fishing grounds in the North Atlantic, as well as the anthropogenic radionuclides caesium-137 (137Cs) and plutonium isotopes (238Pu and 239+240Pu). The concentrations of naturally occurring radionuclides were compared with those of anthropogenic origin. The main contributors to the radiation dose were 210Po and 40K, with anthropogenic radionuclides accounting for just a small contribution. We provide the first measurements of naturally occurring radionuclides in abyssal organisms, including fish, molluscs, and crustaceans, from the Porcupine Abyssal Plain. In these organisms, radionuclide concentrations and the absorbed radiation doses were dominated by 210Po and were comparable with those determined in related coastal species, confirming that the deep-sea fauna do not live in an environment protected from ionizing radiation. Absorbed radiation doses from naturally occurring radionuclides still exceed radiation doses caused by anthropogenic radionuclides introduced into the Northeast Atlantic.

scholarly journals Genetic Differences Within and Between Species of Deep-Sea Crabs (Chaceon) From the North Atlantic Ocean

2003 ◽  
Vol 204 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Weinberg ◽  
Thomas G. Dahlgren ◽  
Nan Trowbridge ◽  
Kenneth M. Halanych
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic
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