scholarly journals Diversity and genomic determinants of the microbiomes associated with COVID-19 and non-COVID respiratory diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nazmul Hoque ◽  
M. Shaminur Rahman ◽  
Rasel Ahmed ◽  
Md. Sabbir Hossain ◽  
Md. Shahidul Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cadmium Resistance ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Genomic Features ◽  
Microbiome Composition

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly emerging and highly transmissible disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Understanding the microbiomes associated with the upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COVID-19 diseases has clinical interest. We hypothesized that the diversity of microbiome compositions and their genomic features are associated with different pathological conditions of these human respiratory tract diseases (COVID-19 and non-COVID; URTI and COPD). To test this hypothesis, we analyzed 21 whole metagenome sequences (WMS) including eleven COVID-19 (BD = 6 and China = 5), six COPD (UK = 6) and four URTI (USA = 4) samples to unravel the diversity of microbiomes, their genomic features and relevant metabolic functions. The WMS data mapped to 534 bacterial, 60 archaeal and 61 viral genomes with distinct variation in the microbiome composition across the samples (COVID-19>COPD>URTI). Notably, 94.57%, 80.0% and 24.59% bacterial, archaeal and viral genera shared between the COVID-19 and non-COVID samples, respectively, however, the COVID-19 related samples had sole association with 16 viral genera other than SARS-CoV-2. Strain-level virome profiling revealed 660 and 729 strains in COVID-19 and non-COVID sequence data, respectively and of them 34.50% strains shared between the conditions. Functional annotation of metagenomics sequences of thevCOVID-19 and non-COVID groups identified the association of several biochemical pathways related to basic metabolism (amino acid and energy), ABC transporters, membrane transport, replication and repair, clustering-based subsystems, virulence, disease and defense, adhesion, regulation of virulence, programmed cell death, and primary immunodeficiency. We also detected 30 functional gene groups/classes associated with resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds (RATC) in both COVID-19 and non-COVID microbiomes. Furthermore, a predominant higher abundance of cobalt-zinc-cadmium resistance (CZCR) and multidrug resistance to efflux pumps (MREP) genes were detected in COVID-19 metagenome. The profiles of microbiome diversity and associated microbial genomic features found in both COVID-19 and non-COVID (COPD and URTI) samples might be helpful for developing the microbiome-based diagnostics and therapeutics for COVID-19 and non-COVID respiratory diseases. However, future studies might be carried out to explore the microbiome dynamics and the cross-talk between host and microbiomes employing larger volume of samples from different ethnic groups and geoclimatic conditions.

scholarly journals Advances in Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Vitamin D Metabolic Pathway Genes and Respiratory Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Zhilu Li ◽  
Honghai Li ◽  
Saijia Li ◽  
Yingjing Du ◽  
Bingxin Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Metabolic Pathway ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Humoral Immune ◽  
Pathway Gene

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin. It is an essential vitamin for human body. It has a classical effect on regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Participate in cellular and humoral immune processes by regulating the growth, differentiation and metabolism of immune cells. A large number of studies in recent years have shown that vitamin D deficiency increases the incidence of respiratory diseases. Respiratory diseases mainly include bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, acute upper respiratory tract infection and pneumonia. Vitamin D metabolic pathway genes play a very important regulatory role in the transformation of vitamin D into active vitamin D, including CYP2R1,,CYP27B1, CYP24A1, VDBP, VDR five genes. Genetic polymorphism of genes is the molecular basis of individual differences and disease development. Therefore, this paper summarizes the research on single nucleotide polymorphism of vitamin D metabolic pathway gene and respiratory diseases. In order to provide a new idea for future treatment.

scholarly journals Рossibilities of clinical application of modern nebulizers

2020 ◽  
pp. 50-55
Author(s):  
Yu. G. Belotserkovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Inhaled Corticosteroids ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Severe Exacerbation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency ◽  
Jet Nebulizers ◽  
Alpha 1 Antitrypsin

The simplicity of converting medicinal solutions and suspensions into aerosols using mechanical and thermal energy, convenient delivery to the airways allows nebulizers to take a worthy place in the treatment of hospitalized and outpatient patients. Different types of nebulizers are available for use in the home and in medical settings (jet, ultrasound, membrane), and researches show that the performance and characteristics of the aerosol vary between different devices and manufacturers. Jet nebulizers are still the most used devices that do not require coordination of inhale and delivery of aerosol to the respiratory tract. To reduce the consumption of medicinal aerosol and optimize the air flow, virtual valve technology (V.V.T.) is being improved, and breath-actuated nebulizers are being created. The advantage of nebulizer therapy is the ability to apply large doses of medications, use substances that exist only in inhaled form. The choice falls on the nebulizer in cases where the patient can not use other delivery devices, for example, if the patient is unable to coordinate the inhalation and intake of the drug into the respiratory tract, with a severe exacerbation of obstructive disease, in the presence of motor disorders. The optimal delivery device for children of any age, including newborns, is a nebulizer. The most common indication for nebulizer therapy is the delivery of bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids for asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, as well as the treatment of upper respiratory tract diseases, in particular croup in children. An important place is given to nebulizers when it is necessary to prescribe certain mucolytics and antibiotics. In the treatment of emergency conditions, inhalation administration of drugs may be required, including situations when the patient is on mechanical ventilation or has a tracheostomy installed. The significance of nebulizers in the treatment of cystic fibrosis, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency is being studied. The possibilities of endobronchial delivery of heparin, insulin, and monoclonal antibodies are evaluated.

scholarly journals Strategi Badan Penanggulangan Bencana Daerah Kabupaten Katingan Dalam Penanganan Bencana Kebakaran Hutan Dan Lahan Gambut Di Kecamatan Katingan Hilir Kabupaten Katingan

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Leda Al Muqsith ◽  
Rinto Rinto
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Forest Fires ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
The Government ◽  
Tract Infections

Forest fires and peatlands affect the destruction of the ecosystem and the manhood of the flora and fauna that grows and lives in the forest. The smoke caused also becomes air pollution that can cause diseases of the respiratory tract such as upper respiratory tract infections (ISPA), asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Also, smoke can interfere with visibility, especially for aviation transport. The BPBD of Katingan Regency became the hope of the government in the handling of forest and land fires, so that forest fires and peatlands can be reduced annually. This research aims to know the strategy of BPBD in Katingan Regency in the handling of fire and peat land in Katingan district downstream of Katingan Regency. The research approach used is qualitative. Results Adapaun shows that the BPBD strategy of Katingan Regency in the implementation of forest fire and peatland in the region of Katingan Hilir, by involving the human resources that exist in the BPBD regency of Katingan.

scholarly journals A Cation-Binding Surface Protein as a Vaccine Antigen To Prevent Moraxella catarrhalis Otitis Media and Infections in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy F. Murphy ◽  
Aimee L. Brauer ◽  
Antoinette Johnson ◽  
Gregory E. Wilding ◽  
Mary Koszelak-Rosenblum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
Vaccine Antigen ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Human Respiratory Tract ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Content Type

ABSTRACT Moraxella catarrhalis is an exclusively human respiratory tract pathogen that is a common cause of otitis media in children and respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A vaccine to prevent these infections would have a major impact on reducing the substantial global morbidity and mortality in these populations. Through a genome mining approach, we identified AfeA, an ∼32-kDa substrate binding protein of an ABC transport system, as an excellent candidate vaccine antigen. Recombinant AfeA was expressed and purified and binds ferric, ferrous, manganese, and zinc ions, as demonstrated by thermal shift assays. It is a highly conserved protein that is present in all strains of M. catarrhalis. Immunization with recombinant purified AfeA induces high-titer antibodies that recognize the native M. catarrhalis protein. AfeA expresses abundant epitopes on the bacterial surface and induces protective responses in the mouse pulmonary clearance model following aerosol challenge with M. catarrhalis. Finally, AfeA is expressed during human respiratory tract infection of adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Based on these observations, AfeA is an excellent vaccine antigen to be included in a vaccine to prevent infections caused by M. catarrhalis.

scholarly journals A role of thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate for therapy of respiratory diseases (a review)

2020 ◽  
pp. 109-112
Author(s):  
S. Yu. Chikina
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Clinical Effectiveness ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Bronchopulmonary Diseases

This article is a review of published studies on the clinical application of thiamphenicol glycinate acetylcysteinate (TGA) in the treatment of acute and chronic upper and lower respiratory tract diseases. Search for literature in Medline and eLibrary databases was performed. The special place that the drug holds in clinical practice, due to the specific properties of its components - mucolytic N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and antibiotic tiamphenicol. In addition to the usual mucolytic effects, NAC has antioxidant properties, which extends the range of its clinical effectiveness. The antibiotic thiamphenicol has antimicrobial activity against staphylococci, streptococci and gram-negative microorganisms. TGA can be administered by parenteral and inhalation routes. Inhalation route of drug injection is preferable in the treatment of acute and chronic bronchopulmonary diseases, because it allows to create a higher concentration of the drug in the respiratory tract, is associated with much less systemic effects and less often accompanied by the development of side effects. The results of TGA application in the treatment of both acute and chronic upper respiratory diseases (rhinosinusitis, otitis, pharyngotonsillitis) and bronchopulmonary diseases (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchoectasis) are considered in this review. It has been shown that the drug is quite effective in most patients and its effectiveness sometimes exceeds that of standard oral antibiotics. TGA also allows you to effectively combat biofilms, which have high antibacterial resistance. Thus, the published data allow us to speak about the high antibacterial effectiveness of TGA in acute and chronic infectious diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, including cases with the formation of biofilms.

scholarly journals Macrophage Heterogeneity in Respiratory Diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carian E. Boorsma ◽  
Christina Draijer ◽  
Barbro N. Melgert
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Tissue Responses ◽  
Macrophage Phenotypes

Macrophages are among the most abundant cells in the respiratory tract, and they can have strikingly different phenotypes within this environment. Our knowledge of the different phenotypes and their functions in the lung is sketchy at best, but they appear to be linked to the protection of gas exchange against microbial threats and excessive tissue responses. Phenotypical changes of macrophages within the lung are found in many respiratory diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and pulmonary fibrosis. This paper will give an overview of what macrophage phenotypes have been described, what their known functions are, what is known about their presence in the different obstructive and restrictive respiratory diseases (asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis), and how they are thought to contribute to the etiology and resolution of these diseases.

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