scholarly journals Design principles of plant root morphogenesis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Marconi ◽  
Marçal Gallemi ◽  
Eva Benková ◽  
Krzysztof Wabnik
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Design Principles ◽  
Tissue Mechanics ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Growth Mechanics ◽  
Genetic Perturbations ◽  
Root Morphogenesis ◽  
Stem Cell Populations ◽  
Advanced Computer

AbstractUnderstanding how an independent organ develops from the stem cell populations in the process called morphogenesis is a pressing challenge in developmental biology and medicine. Plants build up new organs such as roots to adjust their bodies to dynamic changes in the environment, thereby providing a tractable model to address this challenge. Here, we combined empirical data with advanced computer modeling techniques to build a mechanistic cell-based framework for the morphogenesis of the plant root. Our framework relies on experimentally supported design principles underlying the multi-layered feedback between tissue mechanics, cell growth, and directional cell-to-cell transport of growth regulator auxin. Model simulations reconstruct experimentally-observed patterns of anisotropic growth, auxin distribution, and cell polarity, as well as several root phenotypes caused by chemical, mechanical, or genetic perturbations. Furthermore, our model provides new insights into mechanisms of sustained root growth and cell polarity establishment. This work reveals that mobile auxin signal feeds back on cell polarity and growth mechanics to instruct the morphogenesis of an independent organ.

scholarly journals A coupled mechano-biochemical model for cell polarity guided anisotropic root growth

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Marconi ◽  
Marcal Gallemi ◽  
Eva Benkova ◽  
Krzysztof Wabnik
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Tissue Mechanics ◽  
Differential Growth ◽  
Biochemical Model ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Growth Mechanics ◽  
Genetic Perturbations ◽  
Complex Organ

Plants develop new organs to adjust their bodies to dynamic changes in the environment. How independent organs achieve anisotropic shapes and polarities is poorly understood. To address this question, we constructed a mechano-biochemical model for Arabidopsis root meristem growth that integrates biologically plausible principles. Computer model simulations demonstrate how differential growth of neighboring tissues results in the initial symmetry-breaking leading to anisotropic root growth. Furthermore, the root growth feeds back on a polar transport network of the growth regulator auxin. Model, predictions are in close agreement with in vivo patterns of anisotropic growth, auxin distribution, and cell polarity, as well as several root phenotypes caused by chemical, mechanical, or genetic perturbations. Our study demonstrates that the combination of tissue mechanics and polar auxin transport organizes anisotropic root growth and cell polarities during organ outgrowth. Therefore, a mobile auxin signal transported through immobile cells drives polarity and growth mechanics to coordinate complex organ development.

scholarly journals Overexpression of OsPIN2 Regulates Root Growth and Formation in Response to Phosphate Deficiency in Rice

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5144
Author(s):  
Huwei Sun ◽  
Xiaoli Guo ◽  
Fugui Xu ◽  
Daxia Wu ◽  
Xuhong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Phosphate Deficiency ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Seminal Roots ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The response of root architecture to phosphate (P) deficiency is critical in plant growth and development. Auxin is a key regulator of plant root growth in response to P deficiency, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, phenotypic and genetic analyses were undertaken to explore the role of OsPIN2, an auxin efflux transporter, in regulating the growth and development of rice roots under normal nutrition condition (control) and low-phosphate condition (LP). Higher expression of OsPIN2 was observed in rice plants under LP compared to the control. Meanwhile, the auxin levels of roots were increased under LP relative to control condition in wild-type (WT) plants. Compared to WT plants, two overexpression (OE) lines had higher auxin levels in the roots under control and LP. LP led to increased seminal roots (SRs) length and the root hairs (RHs) density, but decreased lateral roots (LRs) density in WT plants. However, overexpression of OsPIN2 caused a loss of sensitivity in the root response to P deficiency. The OE lines had a shorter SR length, lower LR density, and greater RH density than WT plants under control. However, the LR and RH densities in the OE lines were similar to those in WT plants under LP. Compared to WT plants, overexpression of OsPIN2 had a shorter root length through decreased root cell elongation under control and LP. Surprisingly, overexpression of OsPIN2 might increase auxin distribution in epidermis of root, resulting in greater RH formation but less LR development in OE plants than in WT plants in the control condition but levels similar of these under LP. These results suggest that higher OsPIN2 expression regulates rice root growth and development maybe by changing auxin distribution in roots under LP condition.

scholarly journals Generation of cell polarity in plants links endocytosis, auxin distribution and cell fate decisions

Nature ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 456 (7224) ◽  
pp. 962-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Dhonukshe ◽  
Hirokazu Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuaki Goh ◽  
Kazuo Ebine ◽  
Ari Pekka Mähönen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Auxin Distribution

scholarly journals Retraction Note: Generation of cell polarity in plants links endocytosis, auxin distribution and cell fate decisions

Nature ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 511 (7509) ◽  
pp. 370-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Dhonukshe ◽  
Hirokazu Tanaka ◽  
Tatsuaki Goh ◽  
Kazuo Ebine ◽  
Ari Pekka Mähönen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Cell Fate Decisions ◽  
Auxin Distribution

Mathematical model of auxin distribution in the plant root

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 374-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Likhoshvai ◽  
N. A. Omel’yanchuk ◽  
V. V. Mironova ◽  
S. I. Fadeev ◽  
E. D. Mjolsness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Auxin Distribution

scholarly journals Altered Root Growth, Auxin Metabolism and Distribution in Arabidopsis thaliana Exposed to Salt and Osmotic Stress

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7993
Author(s):  
Ana Smolko ◽  
Nataša Bauer ◽  
Iva Pavlović ◽  
Aleš Pěnčík ◽  
Ondřej Novák ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽  
Salt Stress ◽  
Osmotic Stress ◽  
Root Growth ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Quiescent Center ◽  
Gene Expressions ◽  
Auxin Distribution ◽  
Salt And Osmotic Stress

Salt and osmotic stress are the main abiotic stress factors affecting plant root growth and architecture. We investigated the effect of salt (100 mM NaCl) and osmotic (200 mM mannitol) stress on the auxin metabolome by UHPLC-MS/MS, auxin distribution by confocal microscopy, and transcript levels of selected genes by qRT-PCR in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia-0 (Col-0) and DR5rev::GFP (DR5) line. During long-term stress (13 days), a stability of the auxin metabolome and a tendency to increase indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were observed, especially during salt stress. Short-term stress (3 h) caused significant changes in the auxin metabolome, especially NaCl treatment resulted in a significant reduction of IAA. The data derived from auxin profiling were consistent with gene expressions showing the most striking changes in the transcripts of YUC, GH3, and UGT transcripts, suggesting disruption of auxin biosynthesis, but especially in the processes of amide and ester conjugation. These data were consistent with the auxin distribution observed in the DR5 line. Moreover, NaCl treatment caused a redistribution of auxin signals from the quiescent center and the inner layers of the root cap to the epidermal and cortical cells of the root elongation zone. The distribution of PIN proteins was also disrupted by salt stress; in particular, PIN2 was suppressed, even after 5 min of treatment. Based on our results, the DR5 line was more sensitive to the applied stresses than Col-0, although both lines showed similar trends in root morphology, as well as transcriptome and metabolome parameters under stress conditions.

scholarly journals Truffles Regulate Plant Root Morphogenesis via the Production of Auxin and Ethylene

2009 ◽  
Vol 150 (4) ◽  
pp. 2018-2029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Splivallo ◽  
Urs Fischer ◽  
Cornelia Göbel ◽  
Ivo Feussner ◽  
Petr Karlovsky
Keyword(s):  
Plant Root ◽  
Root Morphogenesis

scholarly journals Notch-Mediated Polarity Decisions in Mechanosensory Hair Cells

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Jacobo ◽  
A. Dasgupta ◽  
A. Erzberger ◽  
K. Siletti ◽  
A. J. Hudspeth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Hair Cells ◽  
Planar Cell Polarity ◽  
Opposite Polarity ◽  
Directional Sensitivity ◽  
Mechanical Sensitivity ◽  
Bistable Switch ◽  
Genetic Perturbations ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Mechanosensory Hair Cells

The development of mechanosensory epithelia, such as those of the auditory and vestibular systems, results in the precise orientation of mechanosensory hair cells and consequently directional sensitivity. After division of a precursor cell in the zebrafish’s lateral line, the daughter hair cells differentiate with opposite mechanical sensitivity. Through a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches, we show that Notch1a-mediated lateral inhibition produces a bistable switch that reliably gives rise to cell pairs of opposite polarity. Using our mathematical model of the process, we predict the outcome of several genetic and chemical alterations to the system, which we then confirm experimentally. We show that Notch1a downregulates the expression of Emx2, a transcription factor known to be involved in polarity specification, and acts in parallel with the planar-cell-polarity system to determine the orientation of hair bundles. By analyzing the effect of simultaneous genetic perturbations to Notch1a and Emx2 we infer that the generegulatory network determining cell polarity includes undiscovered polarity effectors.

Plant cell polarity as the nexus of tissue mechanics and morphogenesis

Nature Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vera Gorelova ◽  
Joris Sprakel ◽  
Dolf Weijers
Keyword(s):  
Cell Polarity ◽  
Plant Cell ◽  
Tissue Mechanics
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