scholarly journals Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses to Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines by previous infection status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W Eyre ◽  
Sheila F Lumley ◽  
Jia Wei ◽  
Stuart Cox ◽  
Tim James ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Additive Models ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Minority Ethnic Groups ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Prior Infection

Objectives We investigate determinants of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG responses in healthcare workers (HCWs) following one or two doses of Pfizer-BioNTech or Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Methods HCWs participating in regular SARS-CoV-2 PCR and antibody testing were invited for serological testing prior to first and second vaccination, and 4 weeks post-vaccination if receiving a 12-week dosing interval. Quantitative post-vaccination anti-spike antibody responses were measured using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (detection threshold: ≥50 AU/ml). We used multivariable logistic regression to identify predictors of seropositivity and generalised additive models to track antibody responses over time. Results Vaccine uptake was 80%, but less in lower-paid roles and Black, south Asian and minority ethnic groups. 3570/3610(98.9%) HCWs were seropositive >14 days post-first vaccination and prior to second vaccination, 2706/2720(99.5%) after Pfizer-BioNTech and 864/890(97.1%) following Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines. Previously infected and younger HCWs were more likely to test seropositive post-first vaccination, with no evidence of differences by sex or ethnicity. All 470 HCWs tested >14 days after second vaccine were seropositive. Quantitative antibody responses were higher after previous infection: median(IQR) >21 days post-first Pfizer-BioNTech 14,604(7644-22,291) AU/ml vs. 1028(564-1985) AU/ml without prior infection (p<0.001). Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine recipients had lower readings post-first dose compared to Pfizer-BioNTech, with and without previous infection, 10,095(5354-17,096) and 435(203-962) AU/ml respectively (both p<0.001 vs. Pfizer-BioNTech). Antibody responses post-second vaccination were similar to those after prior infection and one vaccine dose. Conclusions Vaccination leads to detectable anti-spike antibodies in nearly all adult HCWs. Whether differences in response impact vaccine efficacy needs further study.

scholarly journals Safety, Tolerability and Immunogenicity of Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 Vaccine Among Polish School-Teachers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Ganczak ◽  
Marcin Korzeń ◽  
Ewa Sobieraj ◽  
Jakub Goławski ◽  
Oskar Pasek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Dose Interval ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Regression Methods ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Boost Dose ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Assay Detection

Abstract Background Polish teachers, as the priority group, were offered the ChAdOx1-S vaccine since February 2021. The objective was to investigate safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of this vaccine following two vaccine doses. Methods Teachers were invited for serological testing ≥8 weeks after second vaccination. Quantitative post-vaccination anti-spike antibody responses were measured using the Abbott SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant assay (detection threshold: ≥7.1 BAU/ml). Multivariable logistic regression methods were used to identify predictors of immunogenicity. Results Of 192 teachers, mean age 50.5±8.3 years, 83.9% were females. Median (range) dosing interval was 50 (14-95) days; median interval between the second dose and immunogenicity test was 69 days (range: 57–111). More than a half of teachers (58.3%) reported they would change the product for another (mostly mRNA) vaccine if there was such an opportunity. Adverse reactions after receiving the vaccine (either the first or the second dose) were reported by 79.2% teachers, more frequently after the first dose (84.9%), and were similar in nature to those previously reported: feeling feverish (44.8%), headache (41.7%), malaise, chills (both: 38.0%), injection-site tenderness (37.5%) and pain (32.3%). Less males than females (54.8% vs 80.1%) and older (aged ≥50 years) than younger teachers (65.7% vs 90.4%) reported side effects (p<0.002; p<0.0001, respectively). By ≥8 weeks after the boost dose, all teachers had neutralizing antibody responses. The median (range) anti-spike IgG reading was 525.0 BAU/mL (20.6-5680.0 BAU/mL); 1008.02 (115.3–5680.0) BAU/mL in teachers with evidence of prior infection and 381.42 BAU/mL (20.6–3108.8) in those without (p=0.001). Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 and longer dose interval were both positive predictors of higher immunologic response (p<0.0001; p=0.01, respectively), with no evidence of differences by age, gender, BMI, smoking or comorbidities. Conclusions The results demonstrated good safety, tolerability and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1-S vaccine. Immunization led to detectable anti-spike antibodies in all teachers. Our study justifies the longer dose interval as an important factor to enhance higher antibody response. Findings suggest that in immunocompetent vaccine recipients with an evidence of previous infection a delay regarding the second dose could be considered when careful management in the use of vaccine resources is needed.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity after infection and antibody response to mRNA-based vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emily J. Ciccone ◽  
Deanna R. Zhu ◽  
Rawan Ajeen ◽  
Evans K. Lodge ◽  
Bonnie E. Shook-Sa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Specific Antibody ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Post Vaccination ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractThe effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on response to mRNA-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is not well-described. We assessed longitudinal SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses pre- and post-vaccination among individuals with and without prior infection. The antibody response to the first vaccine dose was almost two-fold higher in individuals who were seropositive before vaccination compared to those who were seronegative, suggesting that prior infection primes the immune response to the first dose of mRNA-based vaccine.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine: infection-naive individuals with abdominal obesity warrant attention

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEXIS ELIAS MALAVAZOS ◽  
Sara Basilico ◽  
Gianluca Iacobellis ◽  
Valentina Milani ◽  
Rosanna Cardani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Abdominal Obesity ◽  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Trimeric Complex ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Visceral Adipose ◽  
Prior Infection

Objective. The excess of visceral adipose tissue might hinder and delay the immune response. How people with abdominal obesity will respond to mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 is yet to be established. We evaluated SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses after the first and second dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine comparing the response of individuals affected by abdominal obesity (AO) to those without, discerning between individuals with or without prior infection. Methods. IgG neutralizing antibodies against the Trimeric complex (IgG-TrimericS) were measured at four time points: at baseline, at day 21 after vaccine dose-1, at one month and three months after dose-2. Nucleocapsid antibodies were assessed to detect prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. Waist circumference was measured to determine abdominal obesity. Results. Between the first and third month after vaccine dose-2, the drop in IgG-TrimericS levels was more remarkable in individuals with AO compared to those without AO (2.44 fold [95%CI: 2.22-2.63] vs 1.82 fold [95%CI: 1.69-1.92], respectively, p<0.001). Multiple linear regression confirmed this result even when adjusting for possible confounders (p<0.001). Conclusions. Our findings highlight the need to extend the duration of serological monitoring of antibody levels in infection-naive individuals with abdominal obesity, a higher-risk population category in terms of possible weaker antibody response.

scholarly journals Pre-vaccination testing could expand coverage of two-dose COVID vaccines

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Carl A. B. Pearson ◽  
Sam Clifford ◽  
Juliet R. C. Pulliam ◽  
Rosalind M. Eggo
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Coverage ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Prior Infection ◽  
Antibody Tests

Recent evidence indicates that a single dose of mRNA-based vaccines produce similar immune responses in people with evidence of past infection compared with two doses in immunologically naive individuals. For COVID-19 vaccines with two dose regimens, point-of-care antibody testing for prior infection when administering the first dose could enable expanded vaccine access in a cost-effective manner. Generally, antibody tests with sensitivity and specificity well below that typically accepted for product licensure would still enable expanded vaccine coverage, though to be cost-beneficial total test cost (i.e. procurement and administration) needs to be less than roughly a third of total vaccine dose cost. For highly sensitive (90%) and specific (99%) tests, coverage could be expanded by more than 33%. Tests with the appropriate performance characteristics are plausible, though likely need setting specific tailoring.

scholarly journals Study of neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibody responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines in healthcare professionals in a diagnostic centre of Central India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-78
Author(s):  
Ranjana Hawaldar ◽  
Sadhna Sodani ◽  
Varsha Sodani ◽  
R K Sodani
Keyword(s):  
Neutralizing Antibodies ◽  
Booster Dose ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Adaptive Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Central India ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Post Vaccination

India began administration of COVID-19 vaccines on 16 January 2021. Reliable quantification of the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is highly relevant for identifying possible vaccine efficiency and estimating the time of protection. Healthcare Professionals were the first group of beneficiaries of this vaccine. we aimed to evaluate the neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibody responses induced by COVID-19 vaccines after first and booster dose in healthcare professionals 69 healthcare professionals [HCPs] Were enrolled for the evaluation study. The COVISHILED vaccine developed by AstraZeneca, University of Oxford and manufactured and distributed in India by the Serum Institute of India was administered to all the participants. All participants were evaluated to detect levels neutralizing IgG antibodies on three occasions:,first pre vaccination level, second on approximately 27th day and third on 68th day from baselining & first vaccine dose to assess change in levels of neutralizing IgG antibodies post vaccination On approximately 27 day from first vaccine dose, 45 out of 51 participants in investigational cohort were sero-converted for anti-RBD antibodies. Out of 6 participants that were yet to sero-convert 5 demonstrated increased level of neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibodies but did not cross the reactivity threshold to confirm presence of neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibodies. On approximately 68 day from second vaccine dose, 49 out of 51 participants in investigational cohort were sero-converted for anti-RBD antibodies. 4 additional participants sero-converted post booster dose .96.0% produced neutralizing [anti-RBD] antibodies post vaccination. 2 participants continued to remain non-reactive.This is the first data of serological responses to COVID-19 vaccines in IBD patients with detailed analysis of antibodies RBD/spike proteins represented amongst HCPs from central India. Study also demonstrates that the level of neutralizing antibodies produced may vary due to several contributing factors and hence periodic monitoring of neutralizing antibodies before and post vaccination can help evaluate adaptive immune response induced by specific individual in response to vaccine administered.

scholarly journals The challenge of limited vaccine supplies: impact of prior infection on anti-spike IgG antibody trajectories after a single COVID-19 vaccination

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia Wei ◽  
Philippa C. Matthews ◽  
Nicole Stoesser ◽  
Ian Diamond ◽  
Ruth Studley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Single Vaccination ◽  
Interim Measure ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractGiven high SARS-CoV-2 incidence, coupled with slow and inequitable vaccine roll-out, there is an urgent need for evidence to underpin optimum vaccine deployment, aiming to maximise global population immunity at speed. We evaluate whether a single vaccination in previously infected individuals generates similar initial and subsequent antibody responses to two vaccinations in those without prior infection. We compared anti-spike IgG antibody responses after a single dose of ChAdOx1, BNT162b2, or mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in the COVID-19 Infection Survey in the UK general population. In 100,849 adults who received at least one vaccination, 13,404 (13.3%) had serological and/or PCR evidence of prior infection. Prior infection significantly boosted antibody responses for all three vaccines, producing a higher peak level and longer half-life, and a response comparable to those without prior infection receiving two vaccinations. In those with prior infection, median time above the positivity threshold was estimated to last for >1 year after the first dose. Single-dose vaccination targeted to those previously infected may provide protection in populations with high rates of previous infection faced with limited vaccine supply, as an interim measure while vaccine campaigns are scaled up.

scholarly journals Protection and waning of natural and hybrid COVID-19 immunity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yair Goldberg ◽  
Micha Mandel ◽  
Yinon M. Bar-On ◽  
Omri Bodenheimer ◽  
Laurence Freedman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Natural Immunity ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Similar Time ◽  
The Past ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractBACKGROUNDInfection with SARS-CoV-2 provides substantial natural immunity against reinfection. Recent studies have shown strong waning of the immunity provided by the BNT162b2 vaccine. The time course of natural and hybrid immunity is unknown.METHODSData on confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections were extracted from the Israeli Ministry of Health database for the period August to September 2021 regarding all persons previously infected or vaccinated. We compared infection rates as a function of time since the last immunity-conferring event using Poisson regression, adjusting for possible confounding factors.RESULTSConfirmed infection rates increased according to time elapsed since the last immunity-conferring event in all cohorts. For unvaccinated previously infected individuals they increased from 10.5 per 100,000 risk-days for those previously infected 4-6 months ago to 30.2 for those previously infected over a year ago. For individuals receiving a single dose following prior infection they increased from 3.7 per 100,000 person days among those vaccinated in the past two months to 11.6 for those vaccinated over 6 months ago. For vaccinated previously uninfected individuals the rate per 100,000 person days increased from 21.1 for persons vaccinated within the first two months to 88.9 for those vaccinated more than 6 months ago.CONCLUSIONSProtection from reinfection decreases with time since previous infection, but is, nevertheless, higher than that conferred by vaccination with two doses at a similar time since the last immunity-conferring event. A single vaccine dose after infection helps to restore protection.

scholarly journals Antibody responses to the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph E. Ebinger ◽  
Justyna Fert-Bober ◽  
Ignat Printsev ◽  
Min Wu ◽  
Nancy Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Antibody Binding ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Binding Inhibition ◽  
Specific Igg ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Prior Infection

AbstractIn a cohort of BNT162b2 (Pfizer–BioNTech) mRNA vaccine recipients (n = 1,090), we observed that spike-specific IgG antibody levels and ACE2 antibody binding inhibition responses elicited by a single vaccine dose in individuals with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection (n = 35) were similar to those seen after two doses of vaccine in individuals without prior infection (n = 228). Post-vaccine symptoms were more prominent for those with prior infection after the first dose, but symptomology was similar between groups after the second dose.

scholarly journals Humoral and cellular immune responses and their kinetics vary in dependence of diagnosis and treatment in immunocompromised patients upon COVID-19 mRNA vaccination.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelika Wagner ◽  
Erika Garner-Spitzer ◽  
Anna Margarita Schoetta ◽  
Maria Orola ◽  
Andrea Wessely ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Cellular Responses ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Antibody Treatment ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Immunosuppressed Patients

Background Knowledge about humoral and cellular immunogenicity and their kinetics following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccinations in immunosuppressed patients is limited. Methods Antibody and cytokine responses were assessed in 263 patients with either solid tumors (SOT, n=63), multiple myeloma (MM, n=70) or inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD, n=130) undergoing various immunosuppressive regimens and from 66 healthy controls before the first and the second, as well as four weeks and 5-6 months after the second mRNA vaccine dose with either BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273. Findings Four weeks after the second dose, seroconversion was lower in cancer than in IBD patients and controls, with the highest non-responder rate in MM patients (17.1%). S1-specific IgG levels correlated with neutralizing antibody titers. While antibody responses correlated with cellular responses in controls and IBD patients, IFN-g; and antibody responses did not in SOT and MM patients. At six months, 19.6% of patients with MM and 7.3% with SOT had become seronegative, while IBD patients and controls remained seropositive in 96.3% and 100%, respectively. Vaccinees receiving mRNA-1273 presented higher antibody levels than those vaccinated with BNT162b2. Interpretation Cancer patients may launch an inadequate seroresponse in the immediate time range following vaccination and up to six months, correlating with vaccine-specific cellular responses. These findings propose antibody testing in immunosuppressed - along with cellular testing - provides guidance for administration of additional vaccine doses, or may indicate the necessity for antibody treatment. IBD patients respond well to the vaccine, but treatment such as with TNF-a; inhibitors may reduce persistence of immune responses.

scholarly journals Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD

Gut ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. gutjnl-2021-324789
Author(s):  
Nicholas A Kennedy ◽  
Simeng Lin ◽  
James R Goodhand ◽  
Neil Chanchlani ◽  
Benjamin Hamilton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
Primary Outcome ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Antibody Responses ◽  
Antibody Assay ◽  
Past Infection ◽  
White Ethnicity ◽  
Registration Number ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Prior Infection

ObjectiveDelayed second dose SARS-CoV-2 vaccination trades maximal effectiveness for a lower level of immunity across more of the population. We investigated whether patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab have attenuated serological responses to a single dose of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine.DesignAntibody responses and seroconversion rates in infliximab-treated patients (n=865) were compared with a cohort treated with vedolizumab (n=428), a gut-selective anti-integrin α4β7 monoclonal antibody. Our primary outcome was anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) antibody concentrations, measured using the Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) antibody assay 3–10 weeks after vaccination, in patients without evidence of prior infection. Secondary outcomes were seroconversion rates (defined by a cut-off of 15 U/mL), and antibody responses following past infection or a second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine.ResultsGeometric mean (SD) anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations were lower in patients treated with infliximab than vedolizumab, following BNT162b2 (6.0 U/mL (5.9) vs 28.8 U/mL (5.4) p<0.0001) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (4.7 U/mL (4.9)) vs 13.8 U/mL (5.9) p<0.0001) vaccines. In our multivariable models, antibody concentrations were lower in infliximab-treated compared with vedolizumab-treated patients who received the BNT162b2 (fold change (FC) 0.29 (95% CI 0.21 to 0.40), p<0.0001) and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (FC 0.39 (95% CI 0.30 to 0.51), p<0.0001) vaccines. In both models, age ≥60 years, immunomodulator use, Crohn’s disease and smoking were associated with lower, while non-white ethnicity was associated with higher, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody concentrations. Seroconversion rates after a single dose of either vaccine were higher in patients with prior SARS-CoV-2 infection and after two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine.ConclusionInfliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to a single dose of the BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection, or a second dose of vaccine, led to seroconversion in most patients. Delayed second dosing should be avoided in patients treated with infliximab.Trial registration numberISRCTN45176516.

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