scholarly journals Associations of Race/Ethnicity and Other Demographic and Socioeconomic Factors with Vaccination During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kim
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Vaccine Dose ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccine Initiation ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Socioeconomic Data

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo date, there has been limited data available to understand the associations between race/ethnicity and socioeconomic and related characteristics with COVID-19 vaccine initiation and planned vaccination in the United States. To better characterize COVID-19 vaccinations nationally, the present study leveraged nationally-representative data with relatively complete race/ethnicity and socioeconomic data to estimate levels of vaccine initiation and the adjusted relative odds of vaccine initiation and planned vaccination among adults by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic and other characteristics.METHODSUsing pooled cross-sectional data from 66,994 adults aged 18-85 years in nationally-representative surveys by the U.S. Census Bureau administered between January 6, 2021 and January 18, 2021 and multivariable logistic regression, this study estimated the associations between race/ethnicity, education, and pre-pandemic (2019) household income with the self-reported: 1) receipt of ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine; and 2) either receipt of ≥1 dose of a COVID-19 vaccine or the plan to definitely receive a vaccine once available to the respondent.RESULTSIn Hispanics and Black non-Hispanics, the estimated prevalences of vaccine initiation were 6.1% and 6.2%, respectively, compared to 8.7% in White non-Hispanics and 15.1% in Asian non-Hispanics. Controlling for demographic and socioeconomic factors, Hispanics and Black non-Hispanics were no more or less likely than White non-Hispanics to have received ≥1 vaccine dose. However, for the combined outcome of either vaccine initiation or planned vaccination, Black non-Hispanics were 52% less likely than White non-Hispanics to have reported either outcome (P<.001). Meanwhile, both education and pre-pandemic income levels exhibited evidence of positive dose-response relationships with vaccine initiation (P for linear trend = .01 and <.001, respectively). Substantial (vs. no) financial hardship was linked to 44% lower odds of vaccination (P<.001). The most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy were concerns about side effects and safety.CONCLUSIONSIn this large, nationally-representative study with relatively complete race/ethnicity and socioeconomic data, we find that being Black non-Hispanic and having the least education and income were each independently associated with a markedly lower likelihood of definitely planning to get vaccinated or having been vaccinated. In the ensuing months of the pandemic, addressing racial/ethnic and socioeconomic inequities in vaccination due to differential access and vaccine hesitancy will be critical to mitigate the pandemic’s disproportionately higher risks of infection and adverse outcomes in Black non-Hispanics and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups and to help maximize vaccination coverage nationwide.

scholarly journals Real-World Utilization of Oral Anticancer Agents Costs in Older Adults with Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma in the United States

Kidney Cancer ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Lauren E. Wilson ◽  
Lisa Spees ◽  
Jessica Pritchard ◽  
Melissa A. Greiner ◽  
Charles D. Scales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Indicators ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Southern Us ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Oral Anticancer Agents

Background: Substantial racial and socioeconomic disparities in metastatic RCC (mRCC) have persisted following the introduction of targeted oral anticancer agents (OAAs). The relationship between patient characteristics and OAA access and costs that may underlie persistent disparities in mRCC outcomes have not been examined in a nationally representative patient population. Methods: Retrospective SEER-Medicare analysis of patients diagnosed with mRCC between 2007–2015 over age 65 with Medicare part D prescription drug coverage. Associations between patient characteristics, OAA receipt, and associated costs were analyzed in the 12 months following mRCC diagnosis and adjusted to 2015 dollars. Results: 2,792 patients met inclusion criteria, of which 32.4%received an OAA. Most patients received sunitinib (57%) or pazopanib (28%) as their first oral therapy. Receipt of OAA did not differ by race/ethnicity or socioeconomic indicators. Patients of advanced age (>  80 years), unmarried patients, and patients residing in the Southern US were less likely to receive OAAs. The mean inflation-adjusted 30-day cost to Medicare of a patient’s first OAA prescription nearly doubled from $3864 in 2007 to $7482 in 2015, while patient out-of-pocket cost decreased from $2409 to $1477. Conclusion: Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status were not associated with decreased OAA receipt in patients with mRCC; however, residing in the Southern United States was, as was marital status. Surprisingly, the cost to Medicare of an initial OAA prescription nearly doubled from 2007 to 2015, while patient out-of-pocket costs decreased substantially. Shifts in OAA costs may have significant economic implications in the era of personalized medicine.

Prevalence of Total Daily Walking Among US Adults, 2002–2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jared P. Reis ◽  
Caroline A. Macera ◽  
Barbara E. Ainsworth ◽  
Deborah A. Hipp
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Random Sample ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Activity ◽  
Representative Random Sample ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Weekly Frequency

Background:Walking for exercise is a popular leisure-time activity pursuit among US adults; however, little information is available about total daily walking.Methods:A nationally representative random sample of 10,461 US adults (4438 men and 6023 women) was surveyed via telephone between 2002 and 2003. Weekly frequency and daily duration of walking for all purposes in bouts of at least 10 min were measured. Regular walking was defined as walking ≥5 d/wk, ≥30 min/d.Results:Overall, 49% of adults (51% of men and 47% of women) were regular walkers, and approximately 17% reported no walking. Regular walking was significantly higher in employed adults and decreased with increasing age in women and body mass index in both sexes. Total walking was significantly higher among adults with lower levels of educational attainment and did not vary significantly by race/ethnicity.Conclusions:These results affirm the popularity of walking in the United States.

scholarly journals A State-Level Socioeconomic Data Collection of the United States for COVID-19 Research

Data ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 118
Author(s):  
Dexuan Sha ◽  
Anusha Srirenganathan Malarvizhi ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Yifei Tian ◽  
You Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dynamic Factor ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Socioeconomic Determinant ◽  
Socioeconomic Data ◽  
The Impact

The outbreak of COVID-19 from late 2019 not only threatens the health and lives of humankind but impacts public policies, economic activities, and human behavior patterns significantly. To understand the impact and better prepare for future outbreaks, socioeconomic factors play significant roles in (1) determinant analysis with health care, environmental exposure and health behavior; (2) human mobility analyses driven by policies; (3) economic pressure and recovery analyses for decision making; and (4) short to long term social impact analysis for equity, justice and diversity. To support these analyses for rapid impact responses, state level socioeconomic factors for the United States of America (USA) are collected and integrated into topic-based indicators, including (1) the daily quantitative policy stringency index; (2) dynamic economic indices with multiple time frequency of GDP, international trade, personal income, employment, the housing market, and others; (3) the socioeconomic determinant baseline of the demographic, housing financial situation and medical resources. This paper introduces the measurements and metadata of relevant socioeconomic data collection, along with the sharing platform, data warehouse framework and quality control strategies. Different from existing COVID-19 related data products, this collection recognized the geospatial and dynamic factor as essential dimensions of epidemiologic research and scaled down the spatial resolution of socioeconomic data collection from country level to state level of the USA with a standard data format and high quality.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Vaccination Rates Are Lowest among Political Outsiders in the United States

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byungkyu Lee ◽  
James Chu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
Longitudinal Survey ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
Longitudinal Survey Data ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The U.S

Vaccine hesitancy is a critical barrier to widespread vaccination uptake and containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. In the United States, vaccines have become politically polarized, with high rates of vaccine hesitancy observed among Republicans. In contrast to prior research focusing on partisan gaps, we investigate vaccination attitudes and uptake among a group overlooked in prior research: those who are eligible to vote but did not register in the presidential elections. Drawing on nationally representative and longitudinal survey data from April 2020 to October 2021, we show that this group – whom we call “political outsiders” – represents about 16% of the U.S. population. They had the lowest vaccination rate (47%) by 2021 October, significantly lower than Republican (65%), Independent (76%), and Democratic voters (88%). Further, we find that political outsiders are less likely to trust physicians compared to other partisan groups. Because the sources they trust differ from partisans, existing public health messaging may be less likely to reach them successfully. Finally, we find that political outsiders experience more socio-economic hardships and are less integrated into society. Hence, our results underscore the importance of targeted efforts to reach this highly vulnerable population.

scholarly journals Youth Access to School Salad Bars in the United States—2011 to 2014

2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenna K. VanFrank ◽  
Stephen Onufrak ◽  
Diane M. Harris
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Multivariable Logistic Regression ◽  
Let's Move ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Over Time

Purpose: To examine differences in students’ access to school salad bars across sociodemographic groups and changes in availability over time. Design: Nonexperimental. Setting: Nationally representative 2011 and 2014 YouthStyles surveys. Participants: A total of 833 (2011) and 994 (2014) US youth aged 12 to 17 years. Measures: Youth-reported availability of school salad bars. Analysis: Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess differences in school salad bar availability by sociodemographics and changes in availability from 2011 to 2014. Results: Youth-reported salad bar availability differed by age in 2011 and race/ethnicity in 2014, but not by sex, income, metropolitan residence, or region in either year. Salad bars were reported by 62% of youth in 2011 and 67% in 2014; the increase was not statistically significant ( P = .07). Significant increases from 2011 to 2014 were noted among youth aged 12 to 14 years (56%-69%; P < .01), youth of non-Hispanic other races (60%-85%; P < .01), and youth in the Midwest (58%-72%; P = .01). Conclusion: These results suggest that youth-reported access to school salad bars does not differ significantly across most sociodemographic groups. Although overall salad bar availability did not increase significantly from 2011 to 2014, some increases were observed among subgroups. Continued efforts to promote school salad bars through initiatives such as Let’s Move Salad Bars to Schools could help increase access for the nearly one-third of US youth reporting no access.

scholarly journals The Relationship between US Adults’ Misconceptions about COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination Preferences

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 901
Author(s):  
Sarah E. Kreps ◽  
Jillian L. Goldfarb ◽  
John S. Brownstein ◽  
Douglas L. Kriner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Vaccine Safety ◽  
The United States ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Representative Survey ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sizeable Minority

While mass vaccination has blunted the pandemic in the United States, pockets of vaccine hesitancy remain. Through a nationally representative survey of 1027 adult Americans conducted in February 2021, this study examined individual misconceptions about COVID-19 vaccine safety; the demographic factors associated with these misconceptions; and the relationship between misconceptions and willingness to vaccinate. Misconceptions about vaccine safety were widespread. A sizeable minority (40%) believed that vaccine side effects are commonly severe or somewhat severe; 85% significantly underestimated the size and scale of the clinical trials; and a sizeable share believed either that the vaccines contain live coronavirus (10%) or were unsure (38%), a proxy for fears that vaccination itself may cause infection. These misconceptions were particularly acute among Republicans, Blacks, individuals with lower levels of educational attainment, and unvaccinated individuals. Perceived side effect severity and underestimating the size of the clinical trials were both significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy.

scholarly journals Race, ethnicity, community-level socioeconomic factors, and risk of COVID-19 in the United States and the United Kingdom

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 101029
Author(s):  
Chun-Han Lo ◽  
Long H. Nguyen ◽  
David A. Drew ◽  
Erica T. Warner ◽  
Amit D. Joshi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
United Kingdom ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
The United States ◽  
Community Level ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Race Ethnicity

Barriers to Health Care Among Adults With Minoritized Identities in the United States, 2013–2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-862
Author(s):  
Stephanie M. Hernandez ◽  
P. Johnelle Sparks
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
The United States ◽  
Barriers To Health Care ◽  
Access To Health ◽  
Interview Survey ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Barriers To Health

Objectives. To examine the relationship between minoritized identity and barriers to health care in the United States. Methods. Nationally representative data collected from the 2013 to 2017 waves of the National Health Interview Survey were used to conduct descriptive and logistic regression analyses. Men and women were placed in 1 of 4 categories: no minoritized identities, minoritized identities of race/ethnicity (MIoRE), minoritized identities of sexuality (MIoS), or minoritized identities of both race/ethnicity and sexuality (MIoRES). Five barriers to health care were considered. Results. Relative to heterosexual White adults and after controlling for socioeconomic status, adults with MIoRE were less likely to report barriers, adults with MIoS were more likely to report barriers, and adults with MIoRES were more likely to report barriers across 2 of the study measures. Conclusions. Barriers to care varied according to gender, minoritized identity, and the measure of access to health care itself. Public Health Implications. Approaching health disparities research using an intersectional lens moves the discussion from examining individual differences to examining the role of social structures such as the health care system in maintaining and reproducing inequality.

scholarly journals Dissecting disease, race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: An analysis from the United States Safety Net Collaborative

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 120-125
Author(s):  
Rachel M. Lee ◽  
Adriana C. Gamboa ◽  
Michael K. Turgeon ◽  
Adam Yopp ◽  
Emily L. Ryon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Safety Net ◽  
The United States ◽  
Race Ethnicity
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