Responses of Oil Palm Pollinator, Elaeidobius kamerunicus to Different Concentrations of Estragoles

ABSTRACTElaeidobius kamerunicus is the main insect pollinator for oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) worldwide. One of the main reason E. kamerunicus attracted to oil palm inflorescences is estragole, a volatile organic compound released by the oil palm inflorescences during anthesis stage. However, the amount of estragole released from the oil palm inflorescence is varied due to the influence of abiotic and biotic factors and is seen to have an impact on E. kamerunicus pollination activity on the oil palm. To evaluate the responses of E. kamerunicus, different types (wild and reared) and sex (male and female) of E. kamerunicus were exposed to different concentrations (1, 5, 10, 30, 50, 70, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) of commercial estragole using four-arm olfactometer. Results showed that E. kamerunicus significantly preferred 100 ppm of estragole compared to other concentration (F = 139.81; d.f. = 9; P < 0.05). A significant interaction was also recorded between estragole concentrations and sexes of E. kamerunicus (F = 3.91; d.f. = 9; P < 0.05) where male E. kamerunicus was found to be more responsive to 100 ppm of estragole compared female E. kamerunicus. The E. kamerunicus responses to estragole is in line with the increase of estragole concentration up to 100 ppm. However, the response of E. kamerunicus was significantly decreased after the concentration value. The result of this study can be a good platform for future references since the estragole compound plays a significant role in oil palm’s flower pollination by E. kamerunicus. The factor of type and sexes of E. kamerunicus did not affect the preferences which indicated that E. kamerunicus reared in the laboratory have the potential to be released into the oil palm plantation area to overcome the problem of pollination.

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The effect of abiotic and biotic factors on the importance of macroplankton in the diet of Northeast Arctic cod in recent years

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1016/j.icesjms.2005.08.003 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 62 (7) ◽

pp. 1463-1474 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E.L. Orlova ◽

A.V. Dolgov ◽

G.B. Rudneva ◽

V.N. Nesterova

Keyword(s):

Energy Balance ◽

Food Source ◽

Water Mass ◽

Ecological Groups ◽

Biotic Factors ◽

Low Fat ◽

Main Food ◽

Different Types ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Factors ◽

Main Food Source

AbstractUsing cod feeding data, this paper considers the distribution and abundance of macroplankton from different ecological groups (euphausiids and hyperiids) and the variability in their consumption by cod over a period of years during which different water mass temperatures were observed. These years were also characterized by variable abundance of capelin, cod's main food source. Differences in intensity and duration of cod consumption of euphausiids and hyperiids species are shown, depending on their abundance, temperature conditions, cod distribution, and the supply of capelin for cod. This paper discusses the energetics of consuming different types of prey and the role euphausiids play in the energy balance of cod. The low fat content of cod is sometimes associated with feeding on postspawning euphausiids in summer and autumn.

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Cylindrocorpus inevectus sp. n. associated with the oil palm weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), with a synopsis of the family Cylindrocorporidae and establishment of Longibuccidae n. fam. (Diplogastroidea: Nematoda)

Nematology ◽

10.1163/156854103767139671 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 183-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

George Poinar ◽

Trevor Jackson ◽

Nigel Bell ◽

Mohd Wahid

Keyword(s):

New Species ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Morphological Characters ◽

New Family ◽

Palm Weevil ◽

Tail Tip ◽

Parasitic Association ◽

Anal Papillae ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

AbstractCylindrocorpus inevectus sp. n. (Cylindrocorporidae: Nematoda) is described from oil palm flowers (Elaeis guineensis Jacquin) and from the under surface of the elytra of the oil palm weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Faust) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Malaysia. Cylindrocorpus inevectus sp. n. differs from previously described species in the genus (as defined in the present study) by apparently having only eight pairs of genital papillae in contrast to nine or ten pairs. In addition, the male of the new species differs from C. macrolaimus (Schneider) and C. longistoma (Stefanski) by possessing a very short tail spine. The degree of stoma coverage by the pharyngeal sleeve is suggested as an important character and is 77% in C. longistoma but 91% in C. inevectus sp. n. In the male of C. erectus the bursa does not encircle the tail tip and the tail is much stouter than that of C. inevectus sp. n. In addition, there are only two pairs of pre-anal papillae and two pairs of dorso-lateral post-anal papillae in C. erectus but three pairs of pre-anal papillae and only one pair of dorso-lateral post-anal papillae in C. inevectus sp. n. From C. curzii the new species differs in having the bursal membrane continuing around the tail tip with only two pairs of pre-anal papillae reaching the bursal rim. A key to the genera of the Cylindrocorporidae is provided and Myctolaimus rifflei (Massey & Hinds, 1970) comb. n. is proposed. Because of their parasitic association with vertebrates and morphological characters distinct from those of the saprophagic Cylindrocorporidae, such as the corpus merging with the isthmus, the absence of a valve in the corpus, a posteriorly located vulva, the presence of lateral alae, a reduced number of genital papillae and ovoviviparous nature, members of the genus Longibucca, previously placed in the Cylindrocorporidae, are placed in the new family Longibuccidae fam. n.

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Berries: a review of flavonoids.

CAB Reviews Perspectives in Agriculture Veterinary Science Nutrition and Natural Resources ◽

10.1079/pavsnnr202116032 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (032) ◽

Author(s):

Ricardo Antonio Ayub

Keyword(s):

Current Literature ◽

Metabolic Diseases ◽

Genetic Regulation ◽

Phenylpropanoid Pathway ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽

Biotic Factors ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Wide Range ◽

Different Types ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Factors

Abstract Flavonoids occur naturally and are derived from the phenylpropanoid pathway. There is growing evidence of the preventive and protective roles of anthocyanins against a wide range of pathologies, including different types of cancer and metabolic diseases. However, most red fruits available to consumers typically contain only small amounts of anthocyanins, mainly limited to the epidermis of plant organs. Therefore, we reviewed the current literature on the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in berries, including the structural and regulatory genes involved in the differential pigmentation patterns of plant structures, as well as management and cultural treatments. Also, the genetic regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in different red fruits is explored to observe and create strategies to increase biosynthesis and anthocyanin accumulation. It is concluded that the regulation, transport and accumulation of flavonoids varies markedly between species, and is influenced by abiotic and biotic factors.

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Resources partitioning and different foraging behavior is the basis for the coexistence of Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Tripidae) and Elaeidobius kamerunicus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) flower

Journal of Entomology and Nematology ◽

10.5897/jen12.008 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 59-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Tj Tj

Keyword(s):

Foraging Behavior ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Elaeis Guineensis Jacq ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

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Beyond four decades of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Malaysian oil palm industry: a review

Journal of Tropical Ecology ◽

10.1017/s026646742000022x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

Muhamad Haziq Hadif Zulkefli ◽

Syari Jamian ◽

Nur Azura Adam ◽

Johari Jalinas ◽

Saharul Abillah Mohamad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

The Sustainable Development ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Current State ◽

Development Goals ◽

Oil Palm Industry ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

Abstract Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is an economically important crop in South-east Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Malaysia, oil palm is the most profitable commodity in the agriculture sector. The future of oil palm lies in obtaining a higher yield that is aligned and directed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030. Elaeidobius kamerunicus was introduced into Malaysia during the late 1980s to boost the production of oil palm fruit bunches. Almost 40 years since the introduction of E. kamerunicus, significant improvements have been witnessed in the increase of oil palm yield. Nevertheless, the current concern in the oil palm sector is regarding the decreasing of fruit set that may be affected by E. kamerunicus. The weevil population plays a crucial factor in the pollination of oil palm. Several factors had been reported to reduce the weevil population such as natural enemies, interaction with local insects, pesticides, climate and male inflorescence. These factors have been addressed in this article based on various studies conducted since the first investigation in Cameroon by Syed in 1977. The role of the pollinator in terms of its biology, behaviour and pollination mechanism is also described in this article, together with the population management of the weevils. This review article will provide a summary of the current state of Elaeidobius kamerunicus in Malaysia and other neighbouring oil palm-producing countries.

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THE INSECTICIDE EFFECT TO THE ACTIVITY AND EMERGENCE OF Elaeidobius kamerunicus FAUST (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) ON OIL PALM (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) MALE INFLORESCENCE

Jurnal Penelitian Kelapa Sawit ◽

10.22302/iopri.jur.jpks.v27i1.66 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 13-24

Author(s):

Agus Eko Prasetyo ◽

Agus Susanto

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Male Flower ◽

Breeding Site ◽

Palm Fruit ◽

Male Inflorescence ◽

Before And After ◽

Different Levels ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

Elaeidobius kamerunicus is the main pollinating insect in oil palm plantations in Indonesia which influences the oil palm fruit set. Theoil palm (Elaeis guineensis) male inflorescence is the only one of their breeding site. The application of insecticides, especially those directly to the male inflorescence, can affect the activity and breeding of pollinator insects. Various insecticides include Deltamethrin (2 mL/L), Lamda Sihalotrin (2 mL/L), Dimehipo (2 mL/L), Asefat (1.5 g/L), Fipronil (2.5 mL/L), Chlorantraniliprol (1 mL/L), Flubendiamide (0.5 mL/L) and B. Thuringiensis (2 mL/L) have been tested on E. kamerunicus weevils by in vivo trial and on anthesising male inflorescence at different levels of bloom (25 %, 50%, 75% and 100%) in the field. The weevils mortality observations were carried out for 5 days after the insecticides application in the laboratory while observations in the field included the number of weevils visit before and after insecticide application until the end of the male flower anthesis and the number of new emerged weevil in each spikelet after 21 days of incubation. The results showed that the chemical insecticides i.e. Deltametrin, Lamda Sihalotrin, Dimehipo, Asefat, and Fipronil were killed the weevil, affecting the weevil visit on anthesising male inflorescence 1-3 days later, and decreasing the number of new emerged weevil from each spikelet of male inflorescence after incubation for 21 days. Meanwhile, the treatment of Chlorantraniliprole and Flubendiamide and B. thuringiensis did not affect the development of E. kamerunicus both in the laboratory and in the field so that they were safe for oil palm pollinating naturally.

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Evaluation of Combined Treatments of Natural Fibers: Kenaf, Abaca and Oil Palm Fibers Using Micromechanical and SEM Methods

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.912-914.1932 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 912-914 ◽

pp. 1932-1939 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Subramaniasarma Sreenivasan ◽

Sameer Adnan Ibraheem ◽

Shamsuddin Sulaiman ◽

B.T. Hang Tuah Baharudin ◽

Mohd K.A. Ariffin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aspect Ratio ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Bonding Strength ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Unsaturated Polyester ◽

Natural Fibers ◽

Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽

Combined Treatments ◽

Pull Out ◽

Different Types

This paper presents the results of three different fibers, Kenaf (hibiscus cannabinus), oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) and abaca (Musa textilis) which were treated using 5 different types of surface treatments namely sodium hydroxide for 24 hours, glycidoxypropyltrimethoxy-silane for 24 hours, NaOH followed by Silane (each 24 hours), NaOH followed by Silane (each 12 hours) and NaOH followed by Silane (each 6 hours). The mechanical strength of the fibers were then studied and compared to the untreated fibers. The highest strength was given by the fibers treated with NaOH followed by the combined treatments and the lowest were the fibers treated with silane. Also the bonding strength between the fibers and unsaturated polyester resin were then evaluated using micro droplet pull out tests. It was proven that all the treatments improved on the bonding strength. The highest was silane followed by NaOH. For the combined treatments it was found that the highest IFSS was given by the lowest treatment duration at 6 hours, due to the alkali nature of NaOH corroding the fibers which were then filled with silane, thus losing the ability to properly bond with the resin. The samples were also then characterized using a SEM to check the surface morphology which revealed that the NaOH reduced the diameter by removing impurities and lignin, thus increasing the aspect ratio. While silane coats the surface, increases the diameter and reduces the aspect ratio. Keywords. Kenaf, Abaca, OPF, Chemical Treatment, Bonding Strength, Droplet Test, SEM

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Variation in populations of the introduced pollinating weevil (Elaeidobius kamerunicus) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and its impact on fruitset of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) in India

Bulletin of Entomological Research ◽

10.1017/s0007485300032703 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 477-485 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

K. Dhileepan

Keyword(s):

Oil Palm ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Climatic Factors ◽

Population Decline ◽

Dry Season ◽

Wet Season ◽

Male Inflorescence ◽

Dry Seasons ◽

Very High ◽

Elaeidobius Kamerunicus

AbstractThe introduced pollinating weevil, Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust, established itself well in the oil palm plantations in India, but the population fluctuated between seasons reaching its lowest level during the dry season. The wet season was more favourable for the population build-up of E. kamerunicus. As the weevil population in the male inflorescence did not represent the actual numbers present at a given time, an estimation of pollinator force as well as the population size is recommended. Fruitset increased significantly after the introduction of E. kamerunicus, but fluctuated widely between seasons. However, the fluctuation in populations in the male inflorescences, as well as the variation in the number visiting the female inflorescences, did not have any impact on the fruitset. During the dry season when the weevil population was very low, fruitset was high, but during the wet season when the weevil population was very high, the fruitset was lower. Availability of male inflorescences as well as climatic factors such as rainfall, number of rainy days and relative humidity affected the pollinating efficiency of the weevil by reducing the pollen load and its viability. Even though there was a population decline of E. kamerunicus during the dry season there was no reduction in pollinating efficiency and hence there is no need to introduce additional pollinators such as E. subvittatus Faust, which is more efficient during dry seasons.

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