scholarly journals Microbial trait evolution is dominated by frequent and rare pulsed evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingnan Gao ◽  
Martin Wu
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetic ◽  
Punctuated Equilibrium ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Microbial Genomic ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
First Time ◽  
Bacterial Lineages

On the macroevolutionary timescale, does trait evolution proceed gradually or by rapid bursts (pulses) separated by long periods of stasis? Although studies have shown pulsed evolution is prevalent in animals, our knowledge about the tempo and mode of evolution across the tree of life is very limited. This long-standing debate calls for a test in bacteria and archaea, the most ancient and diverse forms of life with unique population genetic properties. Using a likelihood-based framework, we analyzed patterns of microbial genomic trait evolution on a broad macroevolutionary timescale. Here we show that pulsed evolution is both prevalent and predominant in microbes. For the first time, we detected two distinct types of pulsed evolution that are predicted by the punctuated equilibrium and quantum evolution theories. Our findings suggest that major bacterial lineages originated in quick bursts and pulsed evolution is common across the tree of life despite drastically different population genetic properties of animals, plants and microbes.

scholarly journals Towards a Natural Classification of Hyphodontia Sensu Lato and the Trait Evolution of Basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales (Basidiomycota)

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 478
Author(s):  
Xue-Wei Wang ◽  
Tom W. May ◽  
Shi-Liang Liu ◽  
Li-Wei Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Ancestral State ◽  
Trait Evolution ◽  
Natural Classification ◽  
Multiple Loci ◽  
The Family ◽  
Phylogenetic Perspective ◽  
Taxonomic Framework ◽  
First Time

Hyphodontia sensu lato, belonging to Hymenochaetales, accommodates corticioid wood-inhabiting basidiomycetous fungi with resupinate basidiocarps and diverse hymenophoral characters. Species diversity of Hyphodontia sensu lato has been extensively explored worldwide, but in previous studies the six accepted genera in Hyphodontia sensu lato, viz. Fasciodontia, Hastodontia, Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces and Xylodon were not all strongly supported from a phylogenetic perspective. Moreover, the relationships among these six genera in Hyphodontia sensu lato and other lineages within Hymenochaetales are not clear. In this study, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses on the basis of multiple loci. For the first time, the independence of each of the six genera receives strong phylogenetic support. The six genera are separated in four clades within Hymenochaetales: Fasciodontia, Lyomyces and Xylodon are accepted as members of a previously known family Schizoporaceae, Kneiffiella and Hyphodontia are, respectively, placed in two monotypic families, viz. a previous name Chaetoporellaceae and a newly introduced name Hyphodontiaceae, and Hastodontia is considered to be a genus with an uncertain taxonomic position at the family rank within Hymenochaetales. The three families emerged between 61.51 and 195.87 million years ago. Compared to other families in the Hymenochaetales, these ages are more or less similar to those of Coltriciaceae, Hymenochaetaceae and Oxyporaceae, but much older than those of the two families Neoantrodiellaceae and Nigrofomitaceae. In regard to species, two, one, three and 10 species are newly described from Hyphodontia, Kneiffiella, Lyomyces and Xylodon, respectively. The taxonomic status of additional 30 species names from these four genera is briefly discussed; an epitype is designated for X. australis. The resupinate habit and poroid hymenophoral configuration were evaluated as the ancestral state of basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales. The resupinate habit mainly remains, while the hymenophoral configuration mainly evolves to the grandinioid-odontioid state and also back to the poroid state at the family level. Generally, a taxonomic framework for Hymenochaetales with an emphasis on members belonging to Hyphodontia sensu lato is constructed, and trait evolution of basidiocarps within Hymenochaetales is revealed accordingly.

Mitochondrial DNA and the evolutionary genetics of higher animals

1986 ◽  
Vol 312 (1154) ◽  
pp. 325-342 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Evolutionary Genetics ◽  
Genetic System ◽  
Phylogenetic Status ◽  
First Time ◽  
Genetic Characters

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in higher animals is rapidly becoming a well characterized genetic system at the molecular level. In this paper, I shift the focus to consider questions in organismal evolution that can be addressed by mtDNA assay. For the first time, it is possible to estimate empirically matriarchal phylogeny; to determine directionality in crosses producing hybrids; and to study the population genetic consequences of varying female demographies and life histories. The data obtainable from mtDNA may be especially well suited for studies of population genetic structure, dispersal, and historical zoogeography. The female-mediated, clonal transmission of mtDNA is also stimulating new ways of thinking about times to common ancestry of asexual lineages within otherwise sexually reproducing populations; about the possible relevance of mtDNA-nuclear DNA interactions to reproductive isolation; and about the very meaning of the phylogenetic status of related species with respect to particular kinds of genetic characters. These and other topics are reviewed.

scholarly journals Transferability of heterologous primers in Brycon falcatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 232-238
Author(s):  
Diego dos Santos PENHA ◽  
Felipe Pinheiro de SOUZA ◽  
Ed Christian Suzuki de LIMA ◽  
Angela Maria URREA-ROJAS ◽  
Victor César Freitas PANDOLFI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Genetic ◽  
Genetic Parameters ◽  
Polymorphic Information Content ◽  
Genetic Knowledge ◽  
Microsatellite Primers ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Prochilodus Lineatus ◽  
Colossoma Macropomum ◽  
First Time ◽  
Future Population

ABSTRACT The genusBryconcomprises fish species of significant socioeconomic and biological importance in Brazil. Despite that, the genetic knowledge about these species is scarce, especially regardingBrycon falcatus. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the transferability of heterologous microsatellite primers inB. falcatus for the first time. Heterologous primers obtained from B. opalinus, B. hilarii, B. insignis, B. orbignyanus, B. amazonicus, Prochilodus argenteus, Prochilodus lineatus, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Colossoma macropomum were evaluated. The primers that showed the best amplification patterns were applied to a sample of 22 individuals and the genetic parameters were calculated. Nine primers displayed satisfactory cross-amplification withB. falcatus: BoM5 (Brycon opalinus); Bh8, Bh13 and Bh16 (B. hilarii); Borg59 (B. orbignyanus); Bag22 (B. amazonicus); Par12 and Par80 (P. argenteus), and Cm1A8 (C. macropomum). The genetic parameters (number of alleles, effective alleles, allele richness, and expected and observed heterozygosity) and the polymorphic information content (PIC) confirmed the viability of these primers for population genetics analyses. Our study demonstrates the potential of transferability of microsatellite markers from related species and even different genera to B. falcatus, providing usefull tools for future population genetic studies in this species.

scholarly journals Microbial Diversity of Fermented Greek Table Olives of Halkidiki and Konservolia Varieties from Different Regions as Revealed by Metagenomic Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1241
Author(s):  
Konstantina Argyri ◽  
Agapi I. Doulgeraki ◽  
Evanthia Manthou ◽  
Athena Grounta ◽  
Anthoula A. Argyri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Diversity ◽  
Table Olives ◽  
Yeast Diversity ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Identification Of Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Genomic ◽  
Olive Varieties ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing Ngs ◽  
First Time ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Current information from conventional microbiological methods on the microbial diversity of table olives is insufficient. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies allow comprehensive analysis of their microbial community, providing microbial identity of table olive varieties and their designation of origin. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bacterial and yeast diversity of fermented olives of two main Greek varieties collected from different regions—green olives, cv. Halkidiki, from Kavala and Halkidiki and black olives, cv. Konservolia, from Magnesia and Fthiotida—via conventional microbiological methods and NGS. Total viable counts (TVC), lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast and molds, and Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated. Microbial genomic DNA was directly extracted from the olives’ surface and subjected to NGS for the identification of bacteria and yeast communities. Lactobacillaceae was the most abundant family in all samples. In relation to yeast diversity, Phaffomycetaceae was the most abundant yeast family in Konservolia olives from the Magnesia region, while Pichiaceae dominated the yeast microbiota in Konservolia olives from Fthiotida and in Halkidiki olives from both regions. Further analysis of the data employing multivariate analysis allowed for the first time the discrimination of cv. Konservolia and cv. Halkidiki table olives according to their geographical origin.

For the First Time in 30,000 Years

Worldview ◽  
1972 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-9
Author(s):  
Arnold Toynbee
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Human Control ◽  
Forms Of Life ◽  
First Time

Till now, mankind has either taken it as a matter of course that it is going to survive, or, alternatively, assumed that its destiny will be decided by forces beyond human control: the gods or God or Nature. We have now woken up to the truth that, today, we are in greater danger of extinction than we have been at any time since the date —perhaps 30,000 years ago—at which our ancestors gained the upper hand over all other forms of life on this planet except microbes and viruses. In the present age we have discovered and conquered the microbes, and we have hopes of getting the better of the viruses. But our recent victories over non-human menaces to human life are far outweighed by new threats to us from ourselves. These threats have no precedents; for man, armed with the power of science applied to technology, is a vastly more formidable enemy for man than any non-human enemy that man has yet encountered.

scholarly journals ­Comparative spigot ontogeny across the spider tree of life

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael E. Alfaro ◽  
Charles E. Griswold ◽  
Kelly B. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Signal ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Generalized Least Squares ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Singular Fiber ◽  
Rigorous Testing ◽  
Ancestral Character Estimation ◽  
First Time ◽  
Hogna Carolinensis

Spiders are well known for their silk and its varying use across taxa. Very few studies have examined the silk spigot ontogeny of the entire spinning field of a spider. Historically the spider phylogeny was based on morphological data and behavioral data associated with silk. Recent phylogenomics studies have shifted major paradigms in our understanding of silk use evolution, reordering phylogenetic relationships that were once thought to be monophyletic. Considering this, we explored spigot ontogeny in 22 species, including Dolomedes tenebrosus and Hogna carolinensis, reported here for the first time. This is the first study of its kind and the first to incorporate the Araneae Tree of Life. After rigorous testing for phylogenetic signal and model fit, we performed 60 phylogenetic generalized least squares analyses on adult female and second instar spigot morphology. Six analyses had significant correlation coefficients, suggesting that instar, strategy, and spigot variety are good predictors of spigot number in spiders, after correcting for bias of shared evolutionary history. We performed ancestral character estimation of singular, fiber producing spigots on the posterior lateral spinneret whose potential homology has long been debated. We found that the ancestral root of our phylogram of 22 species, with the addition of five additional cribellate and ecribellate lineages, was more likely to have either none or a modified spigot rather than a pseudoflagelliform gland spigot or a flagelliform spigot. This spigot ontogeny approach is novel and we can build on our efforts from this study by growing the dataset to include deeper taxon sampling and working towards the capability to incorporate full ontogeny in the analysis.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF AGE-RELATED RITES OF PASSAGE AND RELEVANT GAMES IN THE TUNGUS-MANCHU CULTURE

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-60
Author(s):  
TATYANA YU. SEM ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rites Of Passage ◽  
Tree Of Life ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Marriage Age ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
Age Related ◽  
First Child ◽  
First Time ◽  
Mental Characteristics

The article considers the mental characteristics of the initiation features in the artistic and game culture of the Tungus-Manchus for the first time. In the ritual vocabulary of some Tungus-Manchu peoples (Nanai and Udege), words associated with the initiatory period of age - the first youth hunt and the birth of the first child by a woman - have been preserved. At the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, they had rituals of gifting young men with hunting tools and military equipment. The rituals were accompanied by holidays and the hunting ones survived until the end of the 20th century. When girls attained the marriage age, they were supposed to wear a special headdress: the Nanai people have the image of the ancestral tree of life, the Evenks have the image of the sun as the giver of the souls of children. During this period, the girl's mother gave her a needle for embroidery and ornamentation of clothing and utensils. The initial rituals were preserved as separate elements in the games and ornamentation of clothing, utensils and dolls among the Tungus-Manchus...

Origin and early radiation of terebratuloid brachiopods: thoughts provoked by Prorensselaeria and Nanothyris

1994 ◽  
Vol 68 (5) ◽  
pp. 1002-1025 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Boucot ◽  
R. A. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Type Species ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Directional Selection ◽  
Developmental Changes ◽  
Quantum Evolution ◽  
Adaptive Radiations ◽  
Early Radiation ◽  
First Time

The ontogenies of Prorensselaeria and Nanothyris, described here for the first time, suggest that Cloud's Dielasmatidae are closely affiliated phylogenetically with Cloud's Centronellidae. This is based on the fact that the type species of Nanothyris goes through an initial mutationellinid (Cloud's Dielasmatidae) growth stage before reaching its adult rensselaerinid (Centronellidae) growth stage. The ontogeny of Prorensselaeria requires that it be transferred from the Globithyrinae (Rhipidothyrididae) to the Mutationellinae (Meganteridae [=Cloud's Dielasmatidae = Stehli's Mutationellidae]). Further consideration of their ontogenies permits the transfer of Meganteris, Meganterella, and Reeftonella to the Meganterinae of the Meganteridae. It is recommended, because of the placement of Meganteris in the Meganterinae, that the term Meganteridae replace Mutationellidae, and Mutationellinae be restricted to costate Meganteridae. The subfamily Adreninae of the Meganteridae (=Stehli's Mutationellidae) is proposed to include Adrenia, Cydimia, Micidus, Sturtella, Barbarothyris, and Lingshanella.The information developed here permits one to conclude that there are two kinds of families: 1) those generated by directional selection, involving major adaptive radiations, the type generated by quantum evolution in Simpson's sense; and 2) those generated by minor developmental changes, that do not involve major adaptive radiations, although they do result in morphological and biogeographical differences great enough to warrant the erection of families.

scholarly journals Sex, males, and hermaphrodites in the scale insect Icerya purchasi

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Mongue ◽  
Sozos Michaelides ◽  
Oliver Coombe ◽  
Alejandro Tena ◽  
Dong-Soon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mating System ◽  
Population Genetic ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Scale Insect ◽  
Population Genetic Analysis ◽  
Icerya Purchasi ◽  
Self Fertilization ◽  
Rare Males ◽  
First Time

AbstractAndrodioecy (the coexistence of males and hermaphrodites) is a rare mating system for which the evolutionary dynamics are poorly understood. Here we study the only presumed case of androdioecy in insects, found in the cottony cushion scale, Icerya purchasi. In this species, female-like hermaphrodites have been shown to produce sperm and self-fertilize. However, rare males are sometimes observed too. In a large population-genetic analysis, we show for the first time that although self-fertilization appears to be the primary mode of reproduction, rare outbreeding events between males and hermaphrodites do occur, and we thereby confirm androdioecy as the mating system of I. purchasi. Thus, this insect appears to have the colonization advantages of a selfing organism while also benefitting from periodic reintroduction of genetic variation through outbreeding with males.

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