scholarly journals Symbiont-conferred immunity interacts with the effects of parasitoid genotype and intraguild predation to shape pea aphid immunity in a clone-specific fashion

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Alexander Purkiss ◽  
Mouhammad Shadi Khudr ◽  
Oscar Enrique Aguinaga ◽  
Reinmar Hager
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Intraguild Predation ◽  
Species Interactions ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Species Interaction ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Indirect Genetic Effects ◽  
Host Parasite

Host-parasite interactions represent complex co-evolving systems in which genetic variation within a species can significantly affect selective pressure on traits in the other (for example via inter-species indirect genetic effects). While often viewed as a two-species interaction between host and parasite species, some systems are more complex due to the involvement of symbionts in the host that influence its immunity, enemies of the host, and the parasite through intraguild predation. However, it remains unclear what the joint effects of intraguild predation, defensive endosymbiosis, within-species genetic variation and indirect genetic effects on host immunity are. We have addressed this question in an important agricultural pest system, the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, which shows significant intraspecific variability in immunity to the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi due to immunity conferring endosymbiotic bacteria. In a complex experiment involving a quantitative genetic design of the parasitoid, two ecologically different aphid lineages and the aphid lion Chrysoperla carnea as an intraguild predator, we demonstrate that aphid immunity is affected by intraspecific genetic variation in the parasitoid and the aphid, as well as by associated differences in the defensive endosymbiont communities. Using 16s rRNA sequencing, we identified secondary symbionts that differed between the lineages. We further show that aphid lineages differ in their altruistic behaviour once parasitised whereby infested aphids move away from the clonal colony to facilitate predation. The outcome of these complex between-species interactions not only shape important host-parasite systems but have also implications for understanding the evolution of multitrophic interactions, and aphid biocontrol.

scholarly journals Parasitoid wasps influence where aphids die via an interspecific indirect genetic effect

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 20121151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mouhammad Shadi Khudr ◽  
Johan A. Oldekop ◽  
David M. Shuker ◽  
Richard F. Preziosi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Genetic Effect ◽  
Parasitoid Wasp ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Interacting Species ◽  
Indirect Genetic Effect ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
Aphid Host ◽  
Behavioural Manipulation

Host–parasite interactions are a key paradigm for understanding the process of coevolution. Central to coevolution is how genetic variation in interacting species allows parasites to evolve manipulative strategies. However, genetic variation in the parasite may also be associated with host phenotype changes, thereby changing the selection on both species. For instance, parasites often induce changes in the behaviour of their host to maximize their own fitness, yet the quantitative genetic basis for behavioural manipulation has not been fully demonstrated. Here, we show that the genotype of the parasitoid wasp Aphidius ervi has a significant effect on where its aphid host Acyrthosiphon pisum moves to die following parasitism, including the likelihood that the aphid abandons the plant. These results provide a clear example of an interspecific indirect genetic effect whereby the genetics of one species influences the expression of a specific behavioural trait in another.

scholarly journals Evaluating indirect genetic effects of siblings using singletons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence Howe ◽  
David Evans ◽  
Gibran Hemani ◽  
George Davey Smith ◽  
Neil Martin Davies
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Polygenic Risk Score ◽  
Indirect Genetic Effects ◽  
Molecular Genetic Evidence ◽  
Older Siblings

Estimating effects of parental and sibling genotypes (indirect genetic effects) can provide insight into how the family environment influences phenotypic variation. There is growing molecular genetic evidence for effects of parental phenotypes on their offspring (e.g. parental educational attainment), but the extent to which siblings affect each other is currently unclear.Here we used data from samples of unrelated individuals, without (singletons) and with biological full-siblings (non-singletons), to investigate and estimate sibling effects. Indirect genetic effects of siblings increase (or decrease) the covariance between genetic variation and a phenotype. It follows that differences in genetic association estimates between singletons and non-singletons could indicate indirect genetic effects of siblings.We used UK Biobank data to estimate polygenic risk score (PRS) associations for height, BMI and educational attainment in singletons (N = 50,143) and non-singletons (N = 328,549). The educational attainment PRS association estimate was 12% larger (95% C.I. 3%, 21%) in the non-singleton sample than in the singleton sample, but the height and BMI PRS associations were consistent. Birth order data suggested that the difference in educational attainment PRS associations was driven by individuals with older siblings rather than firstborns. The relationship between number of siblings and educational attainment PRS associations was non-linear; PRS associations were 24% smaller in individuals with 6 or more siblings compared to the rest of the sample (95% C.I. 11%, 38%). We estimate that a 1 SD increase in sibling educational attainment PRS corresponds to a 0.025 year increase in the index individual’s years in schooling (95% C.I. 0.013, 0.036).Our results suggest that older siblings influence the educational attainment of younger siblings, adding to the growing evidence that effects of the environment on phenotypic variation partially reflect social effects of germline genetic variation in relatives.

Aphidius ervi Preferentially Attacks the Green Morph of the Pea Aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Libbrecht ◽  
D. M. Gwynn ◽  
M. D. E. Fellowes
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi

scholarly journals Emergence sexual maturation and oviposition of Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae)

2004 ◽  
Vol 57 ◽  
pp. 214-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.Z. He ◽  
Q. Wang ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Sexual Maturation ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Aphid Species ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Oviposition Period ◽  
Courtship Display ◽  
Dark Conditions

Aphidius ervi Haliday is an important parasitoid of several aphid species and information is needed for the development of massrearing techniques and better understanding of biological control ecology The emergence sexual maturation and oviposition of A ervi on pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was studied in the laboratory at 201deg;C and 6070 RH with 168 h lightdark About 95 of parasitoids emerged during the photophase Females needed a significantly longer time than males to complete their life cycle Newly emerged males were able to perform their courtship display but failed to mate until they were 4 h old; newly emerged females were able to respond to males courtship display and mate Females attacked aphids in both light and dark conditions The number of eggs laid and parasitism (number of aphids parasitised) per oviposition bout (2 h oviposition period) were significantly greater in the photophase than in the scotophase

THERMAL CONSTANTS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) AND SOME OF ITS PARASITES

1977 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Campbell ◽  
M. Mackauer
Keyword(s):  
First Generation ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Temperature Threshold ◽  
Thermal Constants ◽  
Lower Temperature Threshold ◽  
Lower Temperature ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Generation Offspring

AbstractThe relationship between the temperature and the speed of development is described for the Kamloops ‘biotype’ of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum, and some of its associated hymenopterous parasites. The primary parasites are: Aphidius ervi ervi, A. ervi pulcher, A. smithi, and Praon pequodorum; and the secondary parasites are: Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus niger. For each species the lower temperature threshold for development and the time-to-adult was determined under constant laboratory conditions using field-grown alfalfa as a host plant for the pea aphid and the first-generation offspring of field-collected aphids and parasites. The thermal constants enable the prediction of aphid and parasite population growth, as influenced by temperature, on a physiological time-scale.

Influence of temperature on pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisum(Hemiptera: Aphididae) resistance to natural enemy attack

2002 ◽  
Vol 92 (4) ◽  
pp. 351-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Stacey ◽  
M.D.E. Fellowes
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Escape Behaviour ◽  
Aphid Clone

AbstractThe ability to resist or avoid natural enemy attack is a critically important insect life history trait, yet little is understood of how these traits may be affected by temperature. This study investigated how different genotypes of the pea aphidAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris, a pest of leguminous crops, varied in resistance to three different natural enemies (a fungal pathogen, two species of parasitoid wasp and a coccinellid beetle), and whether expression of resistance was influenced by temperature. Substantial clonal variation in resistance to the three natural enemies was found. Temperature influenced the number of aphids succumbing to the fungal pathogenErynia neoaphidisRemaudière & Hennebert, with resistance increasing at higher temperatures (18 vs. 28°C). A temperature difference of 5°C (18 vs. 23°C) did not affect the ability ofA. pisumto resist attack by the parasitoidsAphidius erviHaliday andA. eadyiStarý, González & Hall. Escape behaviour from foraging coccinellid beetles (Hippodamia convergensGuerin-Meneville) was not directly influenced by aphid clone or temperature (16 vs. 21°C). However, there were significant interactions between clone and temperature (while most clones did not respond to temperature, one was less likely to escape at 16°C), and between aphid clone and ladybird presence (some clones showed greater changes in escape behaviour in response to the presence of foraging coccinellids than others). Therefore, while larger temperature differences may alter interactions betweenAcyrthosiphon pisumand an entomopathogen, there is little evidence to suggest that smaller changes in temperature will alter pea aphid–natural enemy interactions.

scholarly journals Non-consumptive effects stabilize herbivore control over multiple generations

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241870
Author(s):  
Kathryn S. Ingerslew ◽  
Deborah L. Finke
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemy ◽  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Large Field ◽  
Aphidius Colemani ◽  
Pea Aphids ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Aphid Abundance

Understanding the factors that influence predator-prey dynamics requires an investigation of oscillations in predator and prey population sizes over time. However, empirical studies are often performed over one or fewer predator generations. This is particularly true for studies addressing the non-consumptive effects of predators on prey. In a previous study that lasted less than one predator generation, we demonstrated that two species of parasitoid wasps additively suppressed aphid populations through a combination of consumptive and non-consumptive effects. However, the non-consumptive effects of one wasp reduced the reproductive success of the other, suggesting that a longer-term experiment may have revealed antagonism between the wasps. The goal of our current study is to evaluate multi-generation consumptive and non-consumptive interactions between pea aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) and the wasps Aphidius ervi and Aphidius colemani. Aphidius ervi is a common natural enemy of pea aphids. Aphidius colemani is a non-consumptive enemy that does not consume pea aphids, but negatively affects pea aphid performance through behavioral disturbance. Large field cages were installed to monitor aphid abundance in response to the presence and absence of both species of wasp over four weeks (two parasitoid generations). We found that the non-consumptive enemy A. colemani initially controlled the pea aphid population, but control in the absence of parasitism was not sustainable over the long term. Aphidius ervi suppressed pea aphids through a combination of consumptive and non-consumptive effects. This suppression was more effective than that of A. colemani, but aphid abundance fluctuated over time. Suppression by A. ervi and A. colemani together was complementary, leading to the most effective and stable control of pea aphids. Therefore, promoting a diverse natural enemy community that contributes to pest control through consumptive and non-consumptive interactions may enhance the stability of herbivore population suppression over time.

scholarly journals Oviposition strategy of Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera Aphidiidae) in response to host density

2006 ◽  
Vol 59 ◽  
pp. 190-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
X.Z. He ◽  
D.A.J. Teulon ◽  
Q. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Acyrthosiphon Pisum ◽  
Host Density ◽  
Pea Aphid ◽  
Aphidius Ervi ◽  
Female Progeny ◽  
Oviposition Strategy ◽  
Reproductive Response

The reproductive response of Aphidius ervi Haliday to the density of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) was investigated in plastic cylinders (105 cm high x 85 cm diameter) Mean number of aphids parasitised and eggs laid by a single A ervi significantly increased with an increase of host density Numbers of eggs laid per parasitoid reached a plateau at host densities of 75 aphids/cylinder and above However the number of eggs laid in each parasitised aphid significantly decreased (from 29 to 13 eggs) with the increase of host density from 15 to 75 aphids/cylinder after which no further decrease occurred These results suggest that the parasitoid adjusts oviposition strategy in response to increasing host density through increasing parasitism and decreasing superparasitism The proportion of female progeny developed from fertilised eggs increased (up to 70) with the increase of host density from 15 to 50 or 75 aphids/cylinder after which it gradually declined suggesting that the sperm limit occurs when host density reaches 50 to 75 aphids/cylinder

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