scholarly journals Illusory tactile movement crosses arms and legs and is coded in external space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Martel ◽  
Xaver Fuchs ◽  
Jorg Trojan ◽  
Valerie Gockel ◽  
Boukje Habets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
External Space ◽  
Somatosensory Neurons ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Localization Behavior

Humans often misjudge where on the body a touch occurred. Theoretical accounts have ascribed such misperceptions to local interactions in peripheral and primary somatosensory neurons, positing that spatial-perceptual mechanisms adhere to limb boundaries and skin layout. Yet, perception often reflects integration of sensory signals with prior experience. On their trajectories, objects often touch multiple limbs; therefore, body-environment interactions should manifest in perceptual mechanisms that reflect external space. Here, we demonstrate that humans perceived the cutaneous rabbit illusion - the percept of multiple identical stimuli as hopping across the skin - along the Euclidian trajectory between stimuli on two body parts and regularly mislocalized stimuli from one limb to the other. A Bayesian model based on Euclidian, as opposed to anatomical, distance faithfully reproduced key aspects of participants' localization behavior. Our results suggest that prior experience of touch in space critically shapes tactile spatial perception and illusions beyond anatomical organization.

scholarly journals Testing the exteroceptive function of nociception: the role of visual experience in shaping the spatial representations of nociceptive inputs

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Vanderclausen ◽  
Marion Bourgois ◽  
Anne De Volder ◽  
Valéry Legrain
Keyword(s):  
Visual Experience ◽  
Temporal Order Judgment ◽  
Skin Surface ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Physical Damage ◽  
External Space ◽  
Crossmodal Interactions ◽  
Bodily Experiences

AbstractAdequately localizing pain is crucial to protect the body against physical damage and react to the stimulus in external space having caused such damage. Accordingly, it is hypothesized that nociceptive inputs are remapped from a somatotopic reference frame, representing the skin surface, towards a spatiotopic frame, representing the body parts in external space. This ability is thought to be developed and shaped by early visual experience. To test this hypothesis, normally sighted and early blind participants performed temporal order judgment tasks during which they judged which of two nociceptive stimuli applied on each hand’s dorsum was perceived as first delivered. Crucially, tasks were performed with the hands either in an uncrossed posture or crossed over body midline. While early blinds were not affected by the posture, performances of the normally sighted participants decreased in the crossed condition relative to the uncrossed condition. This indicates that nociceptive stimuli were automatically remapped into a spatiotopic representation that interfered with somatotopy in normally sighted individuals, whereas early blinds seemed to mostly rely on a somatotopic representation to localize nociceptive inputs. Accordingly, the plasticity of the nociceptive system would not purely depend on bodily experiences but also on crossmodal interactions between nociception and vision during early sensory experience.

The categorical perception of tactile distance: A difference in acuity at anatomical landmarks?

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Le Cornu Knight ◽  
Matthew Longo ◽  
Andrew J. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Subjective Equality ◽  
Perceptual Distortions ◽  
Distance Judgments

Tactile distance judgments are prone to a number of physiological and perceptual distortions. One such distortion concerns tactile distances over the wrist being perceptually elongated relative to those within the hand or arm. This has been interpreted as a categorical segmentation effect: The wrist implicitly serves as a partition between two body part categories so that stimuli crossing the wrist appear further apart. The effect could alternatively be explained in terms of specialized acuity at anatomical landmarks (i.e., the wrist). To test these opposing explanations we presented participants with two tactile distances sequentially for comparison (one mediolaterally, across the arm, and the other proximodistally, along the arm). Points-of-Subjective-Equality (DV) were compared on the hand, wrist and arm, on dorsal and ventral surfaces between subjects. If the acuity account were true distances would be elongated in both axes at the wrist. If the categorical segmentation account were true there would be a selective perceived increase of the proximodistal distance at the wrist. A previously reported mediolateral bias was found on all body parts but, consistent with the categorical account, at the wrist the magnitude of the bias was either reduced (dorsally) or not found (ventrally) suggesting a selective proximodistal elongation. We found no evidence of increased acuity in the vicinity of the wrist in this task. Therefore we conclude that the segmentation of the body into discrete parts induces categorical perception of tactile distance.

scholarly journals Shape-independent object category responses revealed by MEG and fMRI decoding

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 2246-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kaiser ◽  
Damiano C. Azzalini ◽  
Marius V. Peelen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Object Category ◽  
High Level ◽  
Large Clusters

Neuroimaging research has identified category-specific neural response patterns to a limited set of object categories. For example, faces, bodies, and scenes evoke activity patterns in visual cortex that are uniquely traceable in space and time. It is currently debated whether these apparently categorical responses truly reflect selectivity for categories or instead reflect selectivity for category-associated shape properties. In the present study, we used a cross-classification approach on functional MRI (fMRI) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data to reveal both category-independent shape responses and shape-independent category responses. Participants viewed human body parts (hands and torsos) and pieces of clothing that were closely shape-matched to the body parts (gloves and shirts). Category-independent shape responses were revealed by training multivariate classifiers on discriminating shape within one category (e.g., hands versus torsos) and testing these classifiers on discriminating shape within the other category (e.g., gloves versus shirts). This analysis revealed significant decoding in large clusters in visual cortex (fMRI) starting from 90 ms after stimulus onset (MEG). Shape-independent category responses were revealed by training classifiers on discriminating object category (bodies and clothes) within one shape (e.g., hands versus gloves) and testing these classifiers on discriminating category within the other shape (e.g., torsos versus shirts). This analysis revealed significant decoding in bilateral occipitotemporal cortex (fMRI) and from 130 to 200 ms after stimulus onset (MEG). Together, these findings provide evidence for concurrent shape and category selectivity in high-level visual cortex, including category-level responses that are not fully explicable by two-dimensional shape properties.

scholarly journals Body Maps of Moral Concerns

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani ◽  
Morteza Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Topographical Maps

It has been proposed that somatosensory reaction to varied social circumstances results in feelings (i.e., conscious emotional experiences). Here, we present two preregistered studies in which we examined the topographical maps of somatosensory reactions associated with violations of different moral concerns. Specifically, participants in Study 1 (N = 596) were randomly assigned to respond to scenarios involving various moral violations and were asked to draw key aspects of their subjective somatosensory experience on two 48,954-pixel silhouettes. Our results show that body patterns corresponding to different moral violations are felt in different regions of the body depending on whether individuals are classified as liberals or conservatives. We also investigated how individual differences in moral concerns relate to body maps of moral violations. Finally, we used natural-language processing to predict activation in body parts on the basis of the semantic representation of textual stimuli. We replicated these findings in a nationally representative sample in Study 2 (N = 300). Overall, our findings shed light on the complex relationships between moral processes and somatosensory experiences.

scholarly journals Five Breaks Synchrony While Six Keeps Synchrony: Individual Difference in the Coordinated Pattern of Five- and Six-armed Brittle Stars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Wakita ◽  
Yumino Hayase ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Internal Fluid ◽  
Synchronization Pattern

AbstractPhysiological experiments and mathematical models have supported that neuronal activity is crucial for coordinating rhythmic movements in animals. On the other hand, robotics studies have suggested the importance of physical properties made by body structure, i.e. morphology. However, it remains unclear how morphology affects movement coordination in animals, independent of neuronal activity. To begin to understand this issue, our study reports a rhythmic movement in the green brittle star. We found this animal moved five radially symmetric parts in a well-ordered unsynchronized pattern. We built a phenomenological model where internal fluid flows between the five body parts to explain the coordinated pattern without considering neuronal activity. Changing the number of the body parts from five to six, we simulated a synchronized pattern, which was demonstrated also by an individual with six symmetric parts. Our model suggests a different number in morphology makes a different fluid flow, leading to a different synchronization pattern in the animal.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
The Difference

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book considers what, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex or reproduction or human body parts and the other markets we commonly applaud. What—if anything—makes the body special? It argues that some things should not be for sale, and that it is not transparently obvious either why this is so or which these are. It considers not just markets and the body, but also the implications and consequences of thinking of the body as something that we own. It examines cases of body commodification, focusing on commercial surrogacy and markets in body parts. It also considers instances where thinking of the body as property has no obvious implications in terms of making it available for sale. This book addresses, therefore, two distinct though related questions. What, if anything, is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What, if anything, is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale?

scholarly journals Body Maps of Moral Concerns

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Atari ◽  
Aida Mostafazadeh Davani ◽  
Morteza Dehghani
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Representation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Body Patterns ◽  
Complex Relationships ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Topographical Maps

It has been proposed that somatosensory reaction to varied social circumstances results in feelings (i.e., conscious emotional experiences). Here, we present two preregistered studies in which we examined the topographical maps of somatosensory reactions associated with violations of different moral concerns. Specifically, participants in Study 1 ( N = 596) were randomly assigned to respond to scenarios involving various moral violations and were asked to draw key aspects of their subjective somatosensory experience on two 48,954-pixel silhouettes. Our results show that body patterns corresponding to different moral violations are felt in different regions of the body depending on whether individuals are classified as liberals or conservatives. We also investigated how individual differences in moral concerns relate to body maps of moral violations. Finally, we used natural-language processing to predict activation in body parts on the basis of the semantic representation of textual stimuli. We replicated these findings in a nationally representative sample in Study 2 ( N = 300). Overall, our findings shed light on the complex relationships between moral processes and somatosensory experiences.

Dynamics of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Exchange between Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the Environment

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landis Hare ◽  
Erwan Saouter ◽  
Peter G. C. Campbell ◽  
André Tessier ◽  
Francis Ribeyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Burrowing Mayfly

Radioisotopes of cadmium, lead, and zinc added in trace amounts to lake sediments were used to measure the uptake and efflux of these metals from various body parts of nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera). Total metal concentrations in Hexagenia and its environment were held constant. A simple model permitted the estimation of rate constants that were used to generate model curves which corresponded closely to the measured trends in trace metal uptake and efflux. There was no measurable accumulation of radioisotopes in gill tissues, suggesting that the gills were not the major organ of metal uptake in Hexagenia in this experiment. On the other hand, net uptake of 109Cd and 65Zn by the gut exceeded that by all other body parts in both quantity and concentration terms, suggesting that the primary source of these metals to Hexagenia is sediment consumed as food. The rate of exchange of 65Zn was slower than that of 109Cd. 210Pb differed from the other two metals in that it was not detected in the gut, but was found mainly on the body surface.

Growth of cattle twins on dairy farms with high and low yielding herds

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Growth Differences

Sixty-five pairs of two-egg cattle twins of three breeds, Ayrshire, Friesian, and Shorthorn, were split at random within a week of their birth between two groups of commercial dairy farms. One group was selected for a relatively high average milk yield of the adult dairy herd (group A) and the other for relatively low average yield (group B). The body growth of the twins up to nearly 4 years old is described in this paper. Very significant differences in growth developed in consequence of the split between the groups. Twins on the A farms became larger than their co-twins on the B farms. Average differences between the groups increased for the first year or 18 months and then began to fall away, but had not disappeared at the last age (198 weeks) studied. The various body parts behaved differently i n response to the treatments or environments associated with the two groups of farms. Thus, at the ages studied, the twins on the ‘high’ yield farms differed in conformation from their co-twins on the ‘low’ yield farms. In addition to the differences arising between the members of split twin pairs, there were also differences in body size between the pairs. Breed was not apparently important as a factor affecting the growth differences arising between the two treatments.

scholarly journals DIALEKTIKA TAFSIR DAN KEMAJUAN PENGETAHUAN DALAM TRANSPLANTASI ORGAN BABI PADA MANUSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ihsan Nurmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
The One ◽  
Religious Problems

The advancement of knowledge and technology presents its own challenges to Muslims’ socio-religious life. One of them is the progress in the medical field regarding organ transplants of animals to humans. Religious problems arise when animals used in transplantation are those that are deemed unlawful (haram) by Islamic texts. On the one hand, organ transplants provide benefits for humanity, but on the other, donors of transplants are unlawful animals. This paper examines the lawfulness of using the body parts of pigs, whose unlawfulness is stated in many verses of the Qur'an. This study uses a contextual interpretation introduced by Abdullah Saeed. Based on contextual considerations, this study concludes that QS. al-Baqarah: 173, QS. al-Maidah: 3, QS. al-Anam: 145 and QS. an-Nahl: 115 prohibit pork for consumption. The commentators of the Qur’an have differences of opinion concerning the uses of pigs beyond consumption. This paper suggests that using the body parts of pigs is legitimate. This is reinforced by QS. al-Baqarah: 173 which explains an emergency context. Pigs do not belong to the category of najis ‘aini, which allows it to be transplanted into the human body. However, some conditions need to be fulfilled for transplantation. The transplantation permitted if  these is not rise risk of further to harm and a recommendation from the doctor about the patient's condition. 

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