Dynamics of Cadmium, Lead, and Zinc Exchange between Nymphs of the Burrowing Mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the Environment

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Landis Hare ◽  
Erwan Saouter ◽  
Peter G. C. Campbell ◽  
André Tessier ◽  
Francis Ribeyre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metal Uptake ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Lead And Zinc ◽  
Major Organ ◽  
Net Uptake ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
Burrowing Mayfly

Radioisotopes of cadmium, lead, and zinc added in trace amounts to lake sediments were used to measure the uptake and efflux of these metals from various body parts of nymphs of the burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera). Total metal concentrations in Hexagenia and its environment were held constant. A simple model permitted the estimation of rate constants that were used to generate model curves which corresponded closely to the measured trends in trace metal uptake and efflux. There was no measurable accumulation of radioisotopes in gill tissues, suggesting that the gills were not the major organ of metal uptake in Hexagenia in this experiment. On the other hand, net uptake of 109Cd and 65Zn by the gut exceeded that by all other body parts in both quantity and concentration terms, suggesting that the primary source of these metals to Hexagenia is sediment consumed as food. The rate of exchange of 65Zn was slower than that of 109Cd. 210Pb differed from the other two metals in that it was not detected in the gut, but was found mainly on the body surface.

The categorical perception of tactile distance: A difference in acuity at anatomical landmarks?

2012 ◽  
Vol 25 (0) ◽  
pp. 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frances Le Cornu Knight ◽  
Matthew Longo ◽  
Andrew J. Bremner
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Body Part ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Subjective Equality ◽  
Perceptual Distortions ◽  
Distance Judgments

Tactile distance judgments are prone to a number of physiological and perceptual distortions. One such distortion concerns tactile distances over the wrist being perceptually elongated relative to those within the hand or arm. This has been interpreted as a categorical segmentation effect: The wrist implicitly serves as a partition between two body part categories so that stimuli crossing the wrist appear further apart. The effect could alternatively be explained in terms of specialized acuity at anatomical landmarks (i.e., the wrist). To test these opposing explanations we presented participants with two tactile distances sequentially for comparison (one mediolaterally, across the arm, and the other proximodistally, along the arm). Points-of-Subjective-Equality (DV) were compared on the hand, wrist and arm, on dorsal and ventral surfaces between subjects. If the acuity account were true distances would be elongated in both axes at the wrist. If the categorical segmentation account were true there would be a selective perceived increase of the proximodistal distance at the wrist. A previously reported mediolateral bias was found on all body parts but, consistent with the categorical account, at the wrist the magnitude of the bias was either reduced (dorsally) or not found (ventrally) suggesting a selective proximodistal elongation. We found no evidence of increased acuity in the vicinity of the wrist in this task. Therefore we conclude that the segmentation of the body into discrete parts induces categorical perception of tactile distance.

scholarly journals Shape-independent object category responses revealed by MEG and fMRI decoding

2016 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 2246-2250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Kaiser ◽  
Damiano C. Azzalini ◽  
Marius V. Peelen
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Stimulus Onset ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Object Category ◽  
High Level ◽  
Large Clusters

Neuroimaging research has identified category-specific neural response patterns to a limited set of object categories. For example, faces, bodies, and scenes evoke activity patterns in visual cortex that are uniquely traceable in space and time. It is currently debated whether these apparently categorical responses truly reflect selectivity for categories or instead reflect selectivity for category-associated shape properties. In the present study, we used a cross-classification approach on functional MRI (fMRI) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data to reveal both category-independent shape responses and shape-independent category responses. Participants viewed human body parts (hands and torsos) and pieces of clothing that were closely shape-matched to the body parts (gloves and shirts). Category-independent shape responses were revealed by training multivariate classifiers on discriminating shape within one category (e.g., hands versus torsos) and testing these classifiers on discriminating shape within the other category (e.g., gloves versus shirts). This analysis revealed significant decoding in large clusters in visual cortex (fMRI) starting from 90 ms after stimulus onset (MEG). Shape-independent category responses were revealed by training classifiers on discriminating object category (bodies and clothes) within one shape (e.g., hands versus gloves) and testing these classifiers on discriminating category within the other shape (e.g., torsos versus shirts). This analysis revealed significant decoding in bilateral occipitotemporal cortex (fMRI) and from 130 to 200 ms after stimulus onset (MEG). Together, these findings provide evidence for concurrent shape and category selectivity in high-level visual cortex, including category-level responses that are not fully explicable by two-dimensional shape properties.

scholarly journals Five Breaks Synchrony While Six Keeps Synchrony: Individual Difference in the Coordinated Pattern of Five- and Six-armed Brittle Stars

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daiki Wakita ◽  
Yumino Hayase ◽  
Hitoshi Aonuma
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Fluid Flows ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Body Structure ◽  
Rhythmic Movements ◽  
Movement Coordination ◽  
Internal Fluid ◽  
Synchronization Pattern

AbstractPhysiological experiments and mathematical models have supported that neuronal activity is crucial for coordinating rhythmic movements in animals. On the other hand, robotics studies have suggested the importance of physical properties made by body structure, i.e. morphology. However, it remains unclear how morphology affects movement coordination in animals, independent of neuronal activity. To begin to understand this issue, our study reports a rhythmic movement in the green brittle star. We found this animal moved five radially symmetric parts in a well-ordered unsynchronized pattern. We built a phenomenological model where internal fluid flows between the five body parts to explain the coordinated pattern without considering neuronal activity. Changing the number of the body parts from five to six, we simulated a synchronized pattern, which was demonstrated also by an individual with six symmetric parts. Our model suggests a different number in morphology makes a different fluid flow, leading to a different synchronization pattern in the animal.

Introduction

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
The Difference

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book considers what, if anything, is the difference between markets in sex or reproduction or human body parts and the other markets we commonly applaud. What—if anything—makes the body special? It argues that some things should not be for sale, and that it is not transparently obvious either why this is so or which these are. It considers not just markets and the body, but also the implications and consequences of thinking of the body as something that we own. It examines cases of body commodification, focusing on commercial surrogacy and markets in body parts. It also considers instances where thinking of the body as property has no obvious implications in terms of making it available for sale. This book addresses, therefore, two distinct though related questions. What, if anything, is wrong with thinking of oneself as the owner of one's body? What, if anything, is wrong with making our bodies available for rent or sale?

scholarly journals Illusory tactile movement crosses arms and legs and is coded in external space

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marie Martel ◽  
Xaver Fuchs ◽  
Jorg Trojan ◽  
Valerie Gockel ◽  
Boukje Habets ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Model ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
External Space ◽  
Somatosensory Neurons ◽  
Key Aspects ◽  
Localization Behavior

Humans often misjudge where on the body a touch occurred. Theoretical accounts have ascribed such misperceptions to local interactions in peripheral and primary somatosensory neurons, positing that spatial-perceptual mechanisms adhere to limb boundaries and skin layout. Yet, perception often reflects integration of sensory signals with prior experience. On their trajectories, objects often touch multiple limbs; therefore, body-environment interactions should manifest in perceptual mechanisms that reflect external space. Here, we demonstrate that humans perceived the cutaneous rabbit illusion - the percept of multiple identical stimuli as hopping across the skin - along the Euclidian trajectory between stimuli on two body parts and regularly mislocalized stimuli from one limb to the other. A Bayesian model based on Euclidian, as opposed to anatomical, distance faithfully reproduced key aspects of participants' localization behavior. Our results suggest that prior experience of touch in space critically shapes tactile spatial perception and illusions beyond anatomical organization.

Growth of cattle twins on dairy farms with high and low yielding herds

1959 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Wiener
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
High Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Average Yield ◽  
Growth Differences

Sixty-five pairs of two-egg cattle twins of three breeds, Ayrshire, Friesian, and Shorthorn, were split at random within a week of their birth between two groups of commercial dairy farms. One group was selected for a relatively high average milk yield of the adult dairy herd (group A) and the other for relatively low average yield (group B). The body growth of the twins up to nearly 4 years old is described in this paper. Very significant differences in growth developed in consequence of the split between the groups. Twins on the A farms became larger than their co-twins on the B farms. Average differences between the groups increased for the first year or 18 months and then began to fall away, but had not disappeared at the last age (198 weeks) studied. The various body parts behaved differently i n response to the treatments or environments associated with the two groups of farms. Thus, at the ages studied, the twins on the ‘high’ yield farms differed in conformation from their co-twins on the ‘low’ yield farms. In addition to the differences arising between the members of split twin pairs, there were also differences in body size between the pairs. Breed was not apparently important as a factor affecting the growth differences arising between the two treatments.

scholarly journals DIALEKTIKA TAFSIR DAN KEMAJUAN PENGETAHUAN DALAM TRANSPLANTASI ORGAN BABI PADA MANUSIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ihsan Nurmansyah
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Religious Life ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Other ◽  
Organ Transplants ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Medical Field ◽  
Differences Of Opinion ◽  
The One ◽  
Religious Problems

The advancement of knowledge and technology presents its own challenges to Muslims’ socio-religious life. One of them is the progress in the medical field regarding organ transplants of animals to humans. Religious problems arise when animals used in transplantation are those that are deemed unlawful (haram) by Islamic texts. On the one hand, organ transplants provide benefits for humanity, but on the other, donors of transplants are unlawful animals. This paper examines the lawfulness of using the body parts of pigs, whose unlawfulness is stated in many verses of the Qur'an. This study uses a contextual interpretation introduced by Abdullah Saeed. Based on contextual considerations, this study concludes that QS. al-Baqarah: 173, QS. al-Maidah: 3, QS. al-Anam: 145 and QS. an-Nahl: 115 prohibit pork for consumption. The commentators of the Qur’an have differences of opinion concerning the uses of pigs beyond consumption. This paper suggests that using the body parts of pigs is legitimate. This is reinforced by QS. al-Baqarah: 173 which explains an emergency context. Pigs do not belong to the category of najis ‘aini, which allows it to be transplanted into the human body. However, some conditions need to be fulfilled for transplantation. The transplantation permitted if  these is not rise risk of further to harm and a recommendation from the doctor about the patient's condition. 

Formulation, Design and Development of Niosome Based Topical Gel for Skin Cancer

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Skin Cancer ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Inversion Method ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Basal Cells ◽  
Formulation Design ◽  
Topical Gel

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer in which mostly damaged unpaired DNA starts mutating abnormally and staged an unprecedented proliferation of epithelial skin to form a malignant tumor. In epidemics of skin, pigment-forming melanocytes of basal cells start depleting and form uneven black or brown moles. Melanoma can further spread all over the body parts and could become hard to detect. In USA Melanoma kills an estimated 10,130 people annually. This challenge can be succumbed by using the certain anti-cancer drug. In this study design, cyclophosphamide were used as a model drug. But it has own limitation like mild to moderate use may cause severe cytopenia, hemorrhagic cystitis, neutropenia, alopecia and GI disturbance. This is a promising challenge, which is caused due to the increasing in plasma drug concentration above therapeutic level and due to no rate limiting steps involved in formulation design. In this study, we tried to modify drug release up to threefold and extended the release of drug by preparing and designing niosome based topical gel. In the presence of Dichloromethane, Span60 and cholesterol, the initial niosomes were prepared using vacuum evaporator. The optimum percentage drug entrapment efficacy, zeta potential, particle size was found to be 72.16%, 6.19mV, 1.67µm.Prepared niosomes were further characterized using TEM analyzer. The optimum batch of niosomes was selected and incorporated into topical gel preparation. Cold inversion method and Poloxamer -188 and HPMC as core polymers, were used to prepare cyclophosphamide niosome based topical gel. The formula was designed using Design expert 7.0.0 software and Box-Behnken Design model was selected. Almost all the evaluation parameters were studied and reported. The MTT shows good % cell growth inhibition by prepared niosome based gel against of A375 cell line. The drug release was extended up to 20th hours. Further as per ICH Q1A (R2), guideline 6 month stability studies were performed. The results were satisfactory and indicating a good formulation approach design was achieved for Melanoma treatment.

Re-imagining Reproduction: Unsettling Metaphors in the History of Imperial Science and Commercial Surrogacy in India

Somatechnics ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kalindi Vora
Keyword(s):  
Assisted Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Colonial History ◽  
Women's Bodies ◽  
Commercial Surrogacy ◽  
Art Practices ◽  
History Of ◽  
Travel Industry

This paper provides an analysis of how cultural notions of the body and kinship conveyed through Western medical technologies and practices in Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART) bring together India's colonial history and its economic development through outsourcing, globalisation and instrumentalised notions of the reproductive body in transnational commercial surrogacy. Essential to this industry is the concept of the disembodied uterus that has arisen in scientific and medical practice, which allows for the logic of the ‘gestational carrier’ as a functional role in ART practices, and therefore in transnational medical fertility travel to India. Highlighting the instrumentalisation of the uterus as an alienable component of a body and subject – and therefore of women's bodies in surrogacy – helps elucidate some of the material and political stakes that accompany the growth of the fertility travel industry in India, where histories of privilege and difference converge. I conclude that the metaphors we use to structure our understanding of bodies and body parts impact how we imagine appropriate roles for people and their bodies in ways that are still deeply entangled with imperial histories of science, and these histories shape the contemporary disparities found in access to medical and legal protections among participants in transnational surrogacy arrangements.

Deadlift Recognition and Application based on Multiple Modalities using Recurrent Neural Network

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (17) ◽  
pp. 2-1-2-6
Author(s):  
Shih-Wei Sun ◽  
Ting-Chen Mou ◽  
Pao-Chi Chang
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Network Structure ◽  
Inertial Sensors ◽  
Body Movement ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Multimodal Sensing ◽  
Multiple Devices ◽  
Neural Network Structure

To improve the workout efficiency and to provide the body movement suggestions to users in a “smart gym” environment, we propose to use a depth camera for capturing a user’s body parts and mount multiple inertial sensors on the body parts of a user to generate deadlift behavior models generated by a recurrent neural network structure. The contribution of this paper is trifold: 1) The multimodal sensing signals obtained from multiple devices are fused for generating the deadlift behavior classifiers, 2) the recurrent neural network structure can analyze the information from the synchronized skeletal and inertial sensing data, and 3) a Vaplab dataset is generated for evaluating the deadlift behaviors recognizing capability in the proposed method.

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