scholarly journals Parallel valence processing alterations associated with compulsive behavior in SAPAP3 knockout mice and human OCD

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bridget L. Kajs ◽  
Peter J. van Roessel ◽  
Gwynne L. Davis ◽  
Leanne M. Williams ◽  
Carolyn I. Rodriguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Rodent Model ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Rodent Models ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Implicit Processing ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Positive Valence

Abnormalities in valence processing - the processing of aversive or appetitive stimuli - may be an underrecognized component of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Independent experimental paradigms have suggested disturbance of emotional valence systems in OCD, yet no standardized assay has been employed to assess both negative and positive valence processing in clinical studies of OCD patients, either at baseline or in response to therapeutic interventions. Additionally, preclinical rodent models are critical for treatment discovery in OCD, yet investigations examining whether rodent models of compulsive behavior similarly show alterations in valence systems have been limited. We sought to establish paradigms for assessing valence processing across both human OCD patients and in a preclinical rodent model: in OCD patients, we used validated behavioral tests to assess explicit and implicit processing of fear-related facial expressions (negative valence) and socially-rewarding happy expressions (positive valence); in the SAPAP3 knockout (KO) mouse model of compulsive behavior, we used auditory fear conditioning and extinction (negative valence) and reward-based operant conditioning (positive valence). We find that OCD patients show enhanced negative and impaired positive valence processing, and that performance on valence processing tasks correlates with clinical measures of OCD severity. We further find that SAPAP3 KO mice show heightened negative and impaired positive valence processing alterations similar to those of OCD patients. Our results show parallel valence processing abnormalities in OCD patients and a preclinical rodent model of compulsive behavior, and suggest valence processing alterations as novel therapeutic targets across a translational research spectrum.

Effect of amphetamine on behavioral patterns of obsessive-compulsive and addictive gambling in a rat marble test

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr D. Shabanov ◽  
Andrei A. Lebedev ◽  
Natalia D. Yakushina ◽  
Anna G. Pshenichnaya ◽  
Eugenii R. Bychkov
Keyword(s):  
Pathological Gambling ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Anxiety Reduction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Behavioral Patterns ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
The Brain

A rodent marble test can be qualified as the most informative test of evaluation of obsessive-compulsive disorder as a neurobiological component of pathological gambling. Several behavioral components of obsession (obsessive and anxious ideas) and compulsions (obsessive actions) directed to anxiety reduction are modeled in this test. The effect of psychostimulant amphetamine on the rat behavior was studied in a marble test, anxiety-phobic model (scale), open field (evaluation of motor and emotional activity) and resident-intruder test (Intraspecies behavior). Amphetamine 0.5 and 1.5 mg/kg increased a number of burying bolls and elevated anxiety level in dose dependent manner. This accompanied with reduction of explorative activity, elevation of motor activity and number of individual behavioral patterns. Therefore, dopaminergic system of the brain activated with amphetamine is involved in obsessive-compulsive behavior and pathological gambling.

Psychostimulant-Induced Behavior as an Animal Model of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: An Ethological Approach to the Form of Compulsive Rituals

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 191-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Eilam ◽  
Henry Szechtman
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Dopamine Receptor Agonist ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Dopaminergic Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Acts

AbstractRats treated chronically with the D2/D3, dopamine receptor agonist quinpirole show a pattern of behavior that meets a set of ethologically derived criteria of compulsive behavior in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Moreover, in both quinpirole-treated rats and OCD patients, the structure of compulsive rituals appear similar in being composed of relatively few motor acts that are organized in a flexible yet recurrent manner. In addition, the development of compulsive behavior in quinpirole-treated rats is attenuated by the OCD pharmacotherapeutic drug clomipramine. These similarities support the validity of quinpirole-treated rats as a psychostimulant-induced animal model of OCD. Considering that the induction of compulsive behavior in the rat model involves chronic hyperstimulation of dopamine receptors, this raises the possibility that dopaminergic mechanisms may play a role in OCD, at least in some subtypes of this disorder.

Quality of life and subthreshold obsessive-compulsive disorder

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arianna Goracci ◽  
Mirko Martinucci ◽  
Anastassia Kaperoni ◽  
Andrea Fagiolini ◽  
Chiara Sbaragli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Axis Ii ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Residential Population ◽  
Current Axis ◽  
Axis I

Objective:This study investigates the relationship between subthreshold obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and quality of life (QoL) in a sample from the Italian general population.Methods:A sample of 202 psychiatrically healthy (defined as absence of current axis I and axis II disorders) subjects was recruited by word of mouth from the residential population in the Siena, Salerno and Milano municipalities (Italy). All study subjects completed the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) and the Questionnaire for Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum (OBS-SR), which explore a wide array of threshold and subthreshold OCD symptoms, behaviours and traits. A diagnostic assessment was conducted to exclude the presence of DSM-IV axis I and axis II disorders using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R personality disorders, respectively.Results:A statistically significant correlation was found between the OBS-SR total score and the Q-LES-Q domains of physical health, subjective feelings, work, school, social relationships and general activities. There was also a statistically significant correlation between several Q-LES-Q and OBS-SR domains.Conclusions:The presence of subthreshold OCD is correlated with poorer QoL. More research is needed to evaluate if specific therapeutic interventions targeting subthreshold obsessive-compulsive symptoms can lead to a significant improvement in the QoL of the affected individuals.

scholarly journals Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M Gillan ◽  
Michal Kosinski ◽  
Robert Whelan ◽  
Elizabeth A Phelps ◽  
Nathaniel D Daw
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Symptom Dimension ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors

Prominent theories suggest that compulsive behaviors, characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, are driven by shared deficits in goal-directed control, which confers vulnerability for developing rigid habits. However, recent studies have shown that deficient goal-directed control accompanies several disorders, including those without an obvious compulsive element. Reasoning that this lack of clinical specificity might reflect broader issues with psychiatric diagnostic categories, we investigated whether a dimensional approach would better delineate the clinical manifestations of goal-directed deficits. Using large-scale online assessment of psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive performance in two independent general-population samples, we found that deficits in goal-directed control were most strongly associated with a symptom dimension comprising compulsive behavior and intrusive thought. This association was highly specific when compared to other non-compulsive aspects of psychopathology. These data showcase a powerful new methodology and highlight the potential of a dimensional, biologically-grounded approach to psychiatry research.

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome as a paradigmatic neuropsychiatric disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea E. Cavanna
Keyword(s):  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Related Quality

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome is a chronic and complex tic disorder accompanied by specific behavioral problems in the majority of patients. With its multifaceted interplay between motion and emotion, this condition is a paradigmatic example of the science and art of clinical neuropsychiatry. This review article encompasses the clinical phenomenology of motor and vocal tics and associated sensory experiences (premonitory urges), as well as the behavioral spectrum of the most common comorbidities, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, affective symptoms, and impulsivity. Knowledge of the contributions of both tics and behavioral problems to patients’ health-related quality of life across the lifespan should assist treating clinicians in formulating a targeted management plan. Although the exact pathophysiology of Gilles de la Tourette syndrome remains elusive, research into therapeutic interventions has expanded the range of available interventions across multiple domains. A thorough understanding of the neurology and psychiatry of this condition is of key importance to meet the needs of this patient population, from the formulation of an accurate diagnosis to the implementation of effective treatment strategies.

scholarly journals The Role of Perceived Control in the Psychophysiological Responses to Disgust of Subclinical OCD Women

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (19) ◽  
pp. 4180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serrano ◽  
Rosell-Clari ◽  
García-Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Perceived Control ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Cardiovascular Responses ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Avoidance Task ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Subclinical Ocd

Obsessive‒compulsive disorder (OCD), and especially contamination obsessions and washing compulsions, has been related to disgust. However, when its cardiovascular correlates have been studied, contradictory results have been found, including heart rate accelerations and decelerations. The aim of this study is to analyze emotional, cognitive, and cardiovascular responses in nonclinical (control) and subclinical participants with obsessive‒compulsive contamination/washing symptoms when confronted with a disgusting stimulus. Twenty-seven participants (14 subclinical OCD) completed a behavioral avoidance task with a contamination-based stimulus while their heart rate and subjective variables were measured. Results showed heart rate reductions in both samples, whereas subjective measures reflected higher disgust, anxiety, dirtiness, and emotional valence in the subclinical sample. However, at the same time, the sense of dominance was lower in the control group. In conclusion, our results support a heart rate deceleration during exposure to a disgusting stimulus dissociated from the subjective experience.

Spatial metaphors in antonym pairs across sign languages

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 112-141
Author(s):  
Carl Börstell ◽  
Ryan Lepic
Keyword(s):  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Movement Direction ◽  
Physical Sign ◽  
Sign Languages ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Manual Analysis ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Systematic Pattern ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We analyze sign locations in 776 signs from 16 antonym pairs across 27 sign languages to examine metaphorical mappings of emotional valence (positive vs. negative) along different spatial axes. We conduct both an automatic and a manual analysis of sign location and movement direction, to investigate cross-linguistic patterns of spatial valence contrasts. Contrary to our hypothesis, negative valence concepts are generally articulated higher up than their positive counterparts. However, when we consider movement in space, we find that although signs generally move downward over time, positive valence concepts are associated with upward movements more often than their negative counterparts. This points to a systematic pattern for vertical valence contrasts – a known metaphor across languages – iconically mapped onto physical sign articulation. We similarly, but surprisingly, find a difference in movements along the sagittal axis, such that outward movement is associated with positive valence concepts more often than negative.

The pattern of force produced during approach-avoidance movements is independent of emotional valence

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Greg Dam ◽  
Zach Catron ◽  
Cassidy Segura Clouse
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Times ◽  
Emotional Valence ◽  
Emotional Stimuli ◽  
Approach And Avoidance ◽  
Negative Valence ◽  
Approach Behaviors ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Approach Avoidance ◽  
Positive Valence ◽  
Pushing And Pulling

Movements that include pushing away and pulling towards oneself are important avoidance and approach behaviors, respectively. Previous research has demonstrated that reaction times are more rapid when approach-like movements are undertaken in response to pleasant emotional stimuli and when avoidant movements are carried out in response to unpleasant emotional stimuli. However, few studies have directly investigated the forces applied during self-referenced approach or avoidance movements. Here we measured the sustained forces of pushing and pulling in response to emotional images. The images presented varied in ratings of emotional arousal (i.e., relaxing versus exciting) and valence (positive valence, or pleasant, versus negative valence, or unpleasant). Our results replicate previous findings that documented force produced in response to unpleasant images. Our findings also revealed that, in contrast to their impact on reaction times, the effects of emotional stimuli on the sustained forces associated with approach and avoidance responses are independent of the direction of movement.

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