scholarly journals Characterizing a psychiatric symptom dimension related to deficits in goal-directed control

eLife ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire M Gillan ◽  
Michal Kosinski ◽  
Robert Whelan ◽  
Elizabeth A Phelps ◽  
Nathaniel D Daw
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Neurocognitive Performance ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Symptom Dimension ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors

Prominent theories suggest that compulsive behaviors, characteristic of obsessive-compulsive disorder and addiction, are driven by shared deficits in goal-directed control, which confers vulnerability for developing rigid habits. However, recent studies have shown that deficient goal-directed control accompanies several disorders, including those without an obvious compulsive element. Reasoning that this lack of clinical specificity might reflect broader issues with psychiatric diagnostic categories, we investigated whether a dimensional approach would better delineate the clinical manifestations of goal-directed deficits. Using large-scale online assessment of psychiatric symptoms and neurocognitive performance in two independent general-population samples, we found that deficits in goal-directed control were most strongly associated with a symptom dimension comprising compulsive behavior and intrusive thought. This association was highly specific when compared to other non-compulsive aspects of psychopathology. These data showcase a powerful new methodology and highlight the potential of a dimensional, biologically-grounded approach to psychiatry research.

Investigating the role of anticipatory reward and habit strength in obsessive-compulsive disorder

CNS Spectrums ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriela M. Ferreira ◽  
Murat Yücel ◽  
Andrew Dawson ◽  
Valentina Lorenzetti ◽  
Leonardo F. Fontenelle
Keyword(s):  
Positive Affect ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Impulse Control ◽  
Habit Strength ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors

AimsTo determine the rates and associated illness characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients who describe their symptoms as either rewarding or habitual.MethodsSeventy-three treatment-seeking OCD patients had their dominant compulsive behavior assessed with a structured interview (the Temporal Impulsive-Compulsive Scale–Revised) to track the progression of rewarding (ie, gain in positive affect), aversive (ie, decrease in negative affect), and neutral (or non-affective) states and a self-report scale (the Self-Report Habit Index) to evaluate their habitual features. Additional measures included structured diagnostic interviews for axis I and II disorders, measures of OCD symptoms severity, and a battery of instruments to comprehensively assess relevant aspects of sensitivity to reward and fear.ResultsAlmost half (49%) of our OCD patients (particularly washers) endorsed that they anticipated obtaining a reward (ie, positive affect) from the enactment of their dominant compulsive behavior. Washers stood out in that their positive affects during and after compulsive behaviors were highly (and positively) correlated with duration of illness. In contrast, habit strength did not differ between washers, checkers, and arrangers, although it also correlated with duration of illness among checkers. Furthermore, the severity of OCD and comorbidity with impulse control disorders predicted up to 35% of the variance in the habit strength of OCD behaviors.ConclusionCompulsive washing may be more clearly characterized by problems in reward processing. In contrast, duration of checking, severity of OCD, and comorbidity with impulse control disorders shape compulsive behaviors by imparting them with habitual tendencies.

scholarly journals Transdiagnostic phenotypes of compulsive behavior and associations with psychological, cognitive, and neurobiological affective processing

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Den Ouden ◽  
Chao Suo ◽  
Lucy Albertella ◽  
Lisa-Marie Greenwood ◽  
Rico S. C. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Modeling ◽  
Biological Assessment ◽  
Affective Processing ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
Compulsive Behavior ◽  
Resting State Functional Connectivity ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
The Stability

AbstractCompulsivity is a poorly understood transdiagnostic construct thought to underlie multiple disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, addictions, and binge eating. Our current understanding of the causes of compulsive behavior remains primarily based on investigations into specific diagnostic categories or findings relying on one or two laboratory measures to explain complex phenotypic variance. This proof-of-concept study drew on a heterogeneous sample of community-based individuals (N = 45; 18–45 years; 25 female) exhibiting compulsive behavioral patterns in alcohol use, eating, cleaning, checking, or symmetry. Data-driven statistical modeling of multidimensional markers was utilized to identify homogeneous subtypes that were independent of traditional clinical phenomenology. Markers were based on well-defined measures of affective processing and included psychological assessment of compulsivity, behavioral avoidance, and stress, neurocognitive assessment of reward vs. punishment learning, and biological assessment of the cortisol awakening response. The neurobiological validity of the subtypes was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Statistical modeling identified three stable, distinct subtypes of compulsivity and affective processing, which we labeled “Compulsive Non-Avoidant”, “Compulsive Reactive” and “Compulsive Stressed”. They differed meaningfully on validation measures of mood, intolerance of uncertainty, and urgency. Most importantly, subtypes captured neurobiological variance on amygdala-based resting-state functional connectivity, suggesting they were valid representations of underlying neurobiology and highlighting the relevance of emotion-related brain networks in compulsive behavior. Although independent larger samples are needed to confirm the stability of subtypes, these data offer an integrated understanding of how different systems may interact in compulsive behavior and provide new considerations for guiding tailored intervention decisions.

scholarly journals Psychiatric symptoms and syndromes transcending diagnostic boundaries in Indian multiplex families: The cohort of ADBS study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanteemar S Sreeraj ◽  
Bharath Holla ◽  
Dhruva Ithal ◽  
Ravi Kumar Nadella ◽  
Jayant Mahadevan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Community ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Assessments ◽  
Cellular Models ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Multiplex Families ◽  
Generation Sequencing

AbstractAccelerator program for discovery in brain disorders using stem cells (ADBS) is an ongoing longitudinal study investigating the neurobiological aspects of five psychiatric disorders (Alzheimer’s dementia, bipolar disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance use disorder or schizophrenia) in India. The study uses several techniques (brain-imaging, psychophysics, neuropsychology, next-generation sequencing, cellular models), and in-depth clinical assessments in a longitudinal cohort from multiple-affected families. This article explores the frequency of manifestations of different psychiatric symptoms and syndromes in the participants and their relatives from the first wave of this study (August 2016 to October 2019). We screened 3,583 families and enrolled 481 families (1406 participants; 773 affected with any of the 5 disorders, and 633 relatives). The participants had a high familial prevalence with nearly a third of FDRs affected. Though similar disorders aggregated, the majority (61%) of the families had dissimilar diagnoses among members. Moreover, 15% of affected participants had two or more co-occurring syndromes. Diverse cross-cutting symptoms, unrestricted to the index syndrome, were observed in participants across diagnostic categories. The pattern and extent of co-occurrence validate the need for a transdiagnostic approach. The repository of biomaterials as well as digital datasets will serve as a valuable resource for the larger scientific community.

scholarly journals Transdiagnostic Phenotyping Reveals a Host of Metacognitive Deficits Implicated in Compulsivity

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tricia X.F. Seow ◽  
Claire M. Gillan
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Specific Pattern ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Clinical Phenotypes ◽  
Symptom Dimension ◽  
Control Work ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractRecent work suggests that obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) patients have a breakdown in the relationship between explicit beliefs (i.e. confidence about states) and updates to behaviour. The precise computations underlying this disconnection are unclear because case-control and transdiagnostic studies yield conflicting results. Here, a large general population sample (N = 437) completed a predictive inference task previously studied in the context of OCD. We tested if confidence, and its relationship to action and environmental evidence, were specifically associated with self-reported OCD symptoms or common to an array of psychiatric symptoms. We then investigated if a transdiagnostic approach would reveal a stronger and more specific match between metacognitive deficits and clinical phenotypes. Consistent with prior case-control work, we found that decreases in action-confidence coupling were associated with OCD symptoms, but also 5/8 of the other clinical phenotypes tested (8/8 with no correction applied). This non-specific pattern was explained by a single transdiagnostic symptom dimension characterized by compulsivity that was linked to inflated confidence and several deficits in utilizing evidence to update confidence. These data highlight the importance of metacognitive deficits for our understanding of compulsivity and underscore how transdiagnostic methods may prove a more powerful alternative over studies examining single disorders.

scholarly journals Obsessive–compulsive symptoms and information seeking during the Covid-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alisa M. Loosen ◽  
Vasilisa Skvortsova ◽  
Tobias U. Hauser
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Information Seeking ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Longitudinal Change ◽  
Depression Symptoms ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Pandemic Wave

AbstractIncreased mental-health symptoms as a reaction to stressful life events, such as the Covid-19 pandemic, are common. Critically, successful adaptation helps to reduce such symptoms to baseline, preventing long-term psychiatric disorders. It is thus important to understand whether and which psychiatric symptoms show transient elevations, and which persist long-term and become chronically heightened. At particular risk for the latter trajectory are symptom dimensions directly affected by the pandemic, such as obsessive–compulsive (OC) symptoms. In this longitudinal large-scale study (N = 406), we assessed how OC, anxiety and depression symptoms changed throughout the first pandemic wave in a sample of the general UK public. We further examined how these symptoms affected pandemic-related information seeking and adherence to governmental guidelines. We show that scores in all psychiatric domains were initially elevated, but showed distinct longitudinal change patterns. Depression scores decreased, and anxiety plateaued during the first pandemic wave, while OC symptoms further increased, even after the ease of Covid-19 restrictions. These OC symptoms were directly linked to Covid-related information seeking, which gave rise to higher adherence to government guidelines. This increase of OC symptoms in this non-clinical sample shows that the domain is disproportionately affected by the pandemic. We discuss the long-term impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on public mental health, which calls for continued close observation of symptom development.

scholarly journals Demography and symptom severity of obsessive compulsive disorder in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional observation

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-26
Author(s):  
Sultana Algin ◽  
Mohammad Waliul Hasnat Sajib ◽  
SM Yasir Arafat
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Axis I

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is a common disorder and usually runs a chronic course with waxing and waning course. It leads to pervasive impairments in multiple domains of life. The aim of the study was to assess the demographic characteristics of the OCD patients and symptom severity of this disorder. This was a cross-sectional study done in OCD clinic of outpatient department (OPD) of BSMMU, during the period from May, 2015 to April, 2017. Four hundred patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected consecutively. After taking written consent a predetermined questionnaire was filled for each patient through face-to-face interview. Then patients were evaluated covering the following areas: Axis I diagnoses (DSM-IV) and Y-BOCS severity scale. The results showed that, the mean age of the respondents was 26.6 (SD±9.9) years, ranging from 8 to 63 years. According to Y-BOCS symptoms severity used for adult patients found that majority (70%) of the patients had moderate to severe sufferings. Male had co-morbid anxiety disorders (panic disorder, agoraphobia, social phobia) more but female patients were found more depressive disorders. Female had more hypothyroidism, diabetes, skin disorders and hypertension than male. These demographic status, co-morbidity profile and symptoms severity can serve as the baseline data for a country like Bangladesh and further large scale, multi-centered study would better generalize the study results. Bang J Psychiatry December 2016; 30(2): 23-26

Integrative Analysis of shared Genetic Pathogenesis by Autism Spectrum Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongbai Liu ◽  
Hongbao Cao ◽  
Kamil Can Kural ◽  
Qi Fang ◽  
Fuquan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Genetic Network ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
P Value ◽  
Genetic Associations ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Gene Markers ◽  
Compulsive Disorder

Abstract Background Many common pathological features have been observed for both autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, no systematic analysis of the common gene markers associated both ASD and OCD has been conducted so far. Results Here, two batches of large-scale literature based disease-gene relation data (updated in 2017 and 2019, respectively) and gene expression data were integrated to study the possible association between OCD and ASD at the genetic level. Genes linked to OCD and ASD present significant overlap (p-value<2.64e-39). A genetic network of over 20 genes was constructed, through which OCD and ASD may exert influence on each other. The 2017-based analysis suggested six potential common risk genes for OCD and ASD (CDH2, ADCY8, APOE, TSPO, TOR1A, and OLIG2), and the 2019-based study identified two more genes (DISP1 and SETD1A). Notably, the gene APOE identified by the 2017-based analysis has been implicated to have an association with ASD in a recently study (2018) with DNA methylation analysis. Conclusions Our results support the possible complex genetic associations between OCD and ASD. Genes linked to one disease is worthy of further investigation as potential risk factors for the other.

Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Pediatric Psychiatric Disorders

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elise B. Robinson ◽  
Benjamin M. Neale ◽  
Mark J. Daly
Keyword(s):  
Pervasive Developmental Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Tic Disorders ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic Categories ◽  
Severe Impairment ◽  
Substance Abuse Disorders ◽  
Definition Of

Pediatric psychiatric conditions are rising in estimated prevalence, and these disorders place an enormous burden on parents, educators, and the health care system. This rise in prevalence likely contains elements of diagnostic changes, greater awareness of these disorders, and true changes in incidence. It has been estimated that there is nearly a 50% lifetime childhood prevalence of one or more mood, anxiety, or behavioral disorders (excluding eating and substance abuse disorders) and that more than 20% of children meet the definition of severe impairment. This chapter focuses on epidemiology, heritability, and implied genetic architecture in representative pediatric neuropsychiatric conditions. We consider five major diagnostic categories and highlight major diagnosis within each, specifically, intellectual disability, pervasive developmental disorders (autism spectrum disorder [ASD]), hyperactive and inattentive behavior (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]), obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and tic disorders (TD) (which includes Tourette Syndrome [TS] and other chronic tic disorders).

Who Am I? A Life Story Intervention for Persons With Intellectual Disability and Psychiatric Problems

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerben J. Westerhof ◽  
Janny Beernink ◽  
Anneke Sools
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Life Story ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Qualitative Evaluation ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Personal Learning ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Life Review Therapy ◽  
Psychiatric Problems

Abstract This article describes an innovative intervention based on narrative and life review therapy that is tailored to people with intellectual disability (ID) and psychiatric problems. The current study provides a first evaluation of the intervention. A symptom checklist (SCL-90) was used in a pre- and post-follow-up design, and a qualitative evaluation of the intervention was carried out with 25 participants. Results showed large changes in psychiatric symptoms, in particular on depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and interpersonal sensitivity. Participants were mainly positive in their general explicit evaluations of the therapy as well as on personal learning points, intervention-specific, group-related, and therapist-related aspects. It is concluded that the intervention is promising for the treatment of people with ID and psychiatric complaints.

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