scholarly journals Effects of co-incubation of LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages on leptin production by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: A method for co-incubating distinct adipose tissue cell lines.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Caldari-Torres ◽  
Jordan Beck
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Conditioned Media ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Activated Macrophages ◽  
Nitric Oxide Release ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell ◽  
Inflammatory Phenotype

Adipose tissue is a major endocrine organ capable of releasing inflammatory adipokines. Inflammatory adipokine release is linked to the changes occurring in adipose tissue in the overfed state, where tissue remodeling results in hypertrophic adipocytes that recruit monocytes to infiltrate the tissue and take on an inflammatory phenotype. As the proportion of inflammatory macrophages increases there is a concurrent increase in release of macrophage-specific inflammatory mediators, further contributing to the inflamed state and setting an inflammatory loop between the macrophages and adipocytes. Although most inflammatory adipokines are released by macrophages, adipocytes can also release immunomodulatory adipokines, such as leptin. The objective of this research was to determine if co-incubation of activated macrophages with mature adipocytes, using Transwell inserts, affected leptin release by mature adipocytes. We also examined if there were differences in the amount of cell-secreted products quantified in cell-conditioned media collected from macrophage-containing (Transwell insert) and adipocyte-containing (well) compartments. Mature adipocytes (differentiated 3T3-L1 murine fibroblasts) were co-incubated with control and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated (0.01 μg/ml) murine macrophages (RAW264.7), and nitric oxide, interleukin-6, and leptin levels were quantified in the cell-conditioned media from the two compartments. Activation status of the macrophages did not affect leptin release by the adipocytes. We observed higher amounts of leptin in wells compared to Transwells. Nitric oxide and interleukin-6 levels were similar between Transwells and wells, suggesting that these adipokines are traveling through the Transwell inserts and reaching equilibrium between the two compartments. There was a weak negative relationship between nitric oxide release by macrophages and leptin release by adipocytes. Our results suggest that co-incubating activated macrophages and adipocytes using Transwell inserts can result in distinct microenvironments in the different cellular compartments and that separate sampling of these compartments is required to detect the subtle signaling dynamics that exist between these cells.

Hyperinsulinemia in obesity: Importance of adipose tissue cell size

1983 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1689-1691
Author(s):  
U. Julius ◽  
M. Weck ◽  
W. Leonhardt ◽  
H. Schneider ◽  
K. Schollberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell

scholarly journals Assessing the Contribution of Relative Macrophage Frequencies to Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianthi Kalafati ◽  
Michael Lenz ◽  
Gökhan Ertaylan ◽  
Ilja C. W. Arts ◽  
Chris T. Evelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Cell Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell ◽  
Subcutaneous Adipose

Background: Macrophages play an important role in regulating adipose tissue function, while their frequencies in adipose tissue vary between individuals. Adipose tissue infiltration by high frequencies of macrophages has been linked to changes in adipokine levels and low-grade inflammation, frequently associated with the progression of obesity. The objective of this project was to assess the contribution of relative macrophage frequencies to the overall subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression using publicly available datasets.Methods: Seven publicly available microarray gene expression datasets from human subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies (n = 519) were used together with TissueDecoder to determine the adipose tissue cell-type composition of each sample. We divided the subjects in four groups based on their relative macrophage frequencies. Differential gene expression analysis between the high and low relative macrophage frequencies groups was performed, adjusting for sex and study. Finally, biological processes were identified using pathway enrichment and network analysis.Results: We observed lower frequencies of adipocytes and higher frequencies of adipose stem cells in individuals characterized by high macrophage frequencies. We additionally studied whether, within subcutaneous adipose tissue, interindividual differences in the relative frequencies of macrophages were reflected in transcriptional differences in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. Adipose tissue of individuals with high macrophage frequencies had a higher expression of genes involved in complement activation, chemotaxis, focal adhesion, and oxidative stress. Similarly, we observed a lower expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and oxidation and mitochondrial respiration.Conclusion: We present an approach that combines publicly available subcutaneous adipose tissue gene expression datasets with a deconvolution algorithm to calculate subcutaneous adipose tissue cell-type composition. The results showed the expected increased inflammation gene expression profile accompanied by decreased gene expression in pathways related to lipid metabolism and mitochondrial respiration in subcutaneous adipose tissue in individuals characterized by high macrophage frequencies. This approach demonstrates the hidden strength of reusing publicly available data to gain cell-type-specific insights into adipose tissue function.

Hypercholesterolemia of total starvation: its mechanism via tissue mobilization of cholesterol

1975 ◽  
Vol 229 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-369 ◽  
Author(s):  
JC Swaner ◽  
WE Connor
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Specific Radioactivity ◽  
Cholesterol Content ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell ◽  
Total Starvation ◽  
Linear Decay

After the establishment of a relatively linear decay curve for plasma [4-14C]cholesterol, rabbits were starved for 26-32 days. The plasma cholesterol concentration increased 400% during starvation. Concurrently, the plasma triglyceride level declined by 50%. While the plasma cholesterol was rising, the cholesterol specific radioactivity of the plasma remained unchanged in starved animals, but in control animals the plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity declined substantially. The cholesterol content of the liver and adipose tissue increased with starvation. The cholesterol specific radioactivities relative to plasma for adipose tissue were lower in the starved animals versus controls. These results support the hypothesis that cholesterol stored in the lipid droplet of the adipose tissue cell is released into plasma and is the chief source of the hypercholesterolemia observed during complete caloric starvation. Cholesterol metabolism in the starved animal can be depicted as a virtually closed system in both the input from biosynthesis and diet being low or zero and the output likewise being close to zero.

scholarly journals Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Rat Adipose Tissue Cell Size Rather than Cell Number

2000 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 1548-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Azain ◽  
Dorothy B. Hausman ◽  
Matthew B. Sisk ◽  
William P. Flatt ◽  
Dennis E. Jewell
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell ◽  
Dietary Conjugated Linoleic Acid ◽  
Rat Adipose Tissue

scholarly journals Adipose tissue in health and disease through the lens of its building blocks

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Lenz ◽  
Ilja C.W. Arts ◽  
Ralf L.M. Peeters ◽  
Theo M. de Kok ◽  
Gökhan Ertaylan
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Heterogeneity ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cell Type Composition ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell ◽  
Cellular Markers

AbstractBackgroundHighly specialized cells work in synergy forming tissues to perform functions required for the survival of organisms. Understanding this tissue-specific cellular heterogeneity and homeostasis is essential to comprehend the development of diseases within the tissue and also for developing regenerative therapies. Cellular subpopulations in the adipose tissue have been related to disease development, but efforts towards characterizing the adipose tissue cell type composition are limited due to lack of robust cell surface markers, limited access to tissue samples, and the labor-intensive process required to identify them.ResultsWe propose a framework, identifying cellular heterogeneity while providing state-of-the-art cellular markers for each cell type present in tissues using transcriptomics level analysis. We validate our approach with an independent dataset and present the most comprehensive study of adipose tissue cell type composition to date, determining the relative amounts of 21 different cell types in 779 adipose tissue samples detailing differences across four adipose tissue depots, between genders, across ranges of BMI and in different stages of type-2 diabetes. We also highlight the heterogeneity in reported marker-based studies of adipose tissue cell type composition and provide novel cellular markers to distinguish different cell types within the adipose tissue.ConclusionsOur study provides a systematic framework for studying cell type composition in a given tissue and valuable insights into adipose tissue cell type heterogeneity in health and disease.

Immunometabolic regulation by triterpenes of Eucalyptus tereticornis in adipose tissue cell line models

Phytomedicine ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 109-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Ceballos ◽  
Alis Guillén ◽  
Diana Lorena Muñoz ◽  
Adriana Castaño ◽  
Luis Fernando Echeverri ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Line ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Eucalyptus Tereticornis ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell

scholarly journals Novel insights into adipose tissue heterogeneity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tongtong Wang ◽  
Anand Kumar Sharma ◽  
Christian Wolfrum
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Stromal Vascular Fraction ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Numerical Representation ◽  
Cell Composition ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell

AbstractWhen normalized to volume, adipose tissue is comprised mainly of large lipid metabolizing and storing cells called adipocytes. Strikingly, the numerical representation of non-adipocytes, composed of a wide variety of cell types found in the so-called stromal vascular fraction (SVF), outnumber adipocytes by far. Besides its function in energy storage, adipose tissue has emerged as a versatile organ that regulates systemic metabolism and has therefore constituted an attractive target for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Recent high-resolution single cells/nucleus RNA seq data exemplify an intriguingly profound diversity of both adipocytes and SVF cells in all adipose depots, and the current data, while limited, demonstrate the significance of the intra-tissue cell composition in shaping the overall functionality of this tissue. Due to the complexity of adipose tissue, our understanding of the biological relevance of this heterogeneity and plasticity is fractional. Therefore, establishing atlases of adipose tissue cell heterogeneity is the first step towards generating an understanding of these functionalities. In this review, we will describe the current knowledge on adipose tissue cell composition and the heterogeneity of single-cell RNA sequencing, including the technical limitations.

scholarly journals ПОРІВНЯЛЬНА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ФЕНОТИПОВИХ ЗМІН КУЛЬТУР КЛІТИН ЖИРОВОЇ ТКАНИНИ ТА КІСТКОВОГО МОЗКУ В ПРОЦЕСІ КУЛЬТИВУВАННЯ

2017 ◽  
pp. 113-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
В. В. Ковпак ◽  
О. С. Ковпак
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Bone Marrow Cells ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Tissue Cell ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cell ◽  
Polygonal Shape ◽  
Adipose Tissue Cells ◽  
Number Of Cells

У статті описані дані щодо зміни фенотипу культур клітин жирової тканини (ККЖТ) та кісткового мозку (КККМ) у процесі культивування. Дослідження первинних культур клітин кісткового мозку та жирової тканини щура показали, що вони морфологічно гетерогенні, у їх склад входили: невелика кількість клітин полігональної форми, а основну масу складали фібробластоподібні. За подальшого культивування відмічали процес переходу від гетерогенних культур на нульовому  пасажі до найбільш гомогенних у кінці дослідження. Нами були відмічені відмінності у імунофенотипі культур клітин кісткового мозку та жирової тканини, які не зникали з пасажами. This article describes the changes in phenotype of cultures of adipose tissue cells (ATCC) and bone marrow cells (BMCC) in the process of cultivation. Study of primary cultures of cells of the bone marrow and adipose tissue of rat has shown that they are morphologically heterogeneous, they included: a small number of cells of polygonal shape, and the bulk was fìbroblast-like cells. Process of transition from the heterogeneous cultures at zero passaging to the most homogeneous at the end of the study was noted during further cultivation. We noted differences in immunophenotype of bone marrow and adipose tissue cell cultures that did not disappear with passaging.

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