scholarly journals Standard metabolic rate does not associate with age-at-maturity genotype in juvenile Atlantic salmon

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eirik R Asheim ◽  
Jenni M Prokkola ◽  
Sergey Morozov ◽  
Tutku Aykanat ◽  
Craig R Primmer
Keyword(s):  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Life Stage ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Maintenance Energy ◽  
Significant Difference

Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a species with diverse life-history strategies, to which the timing of maturation contributes considerably. Recently, the genome region including the gene vgll3 has gained attention as a locus with a large effect on salmon maturation timing, and recent studies on the vgll3 locus in salmon have indicated that its effect might be mediated through body condition and accumulation of adipose tissue. However, the cellular and physiological pathways leading from vgll3 genotype to phenotype are still unknown. Standard metabolic rate is a potentially important trait for resource acquisition and assimilation and we hypothesized that this trait, being a proxy for the maintenance energy expenditure of an individual, could be an important link in the pathway from vgll3 genotype to maturation-timing phenotype. As a first step to studying links between vgll3 and the metabolic phenotype of Atlantic salmon, we measured the standard metabolic rate of 150 first year Atlantic salmon juveniles of both sexes, originating from 14 different families with either late maturing or early maturing vgll3 genotypes. No significant difference in mass-adjusted standard metabolic rate was detected between individuals with different vgll3 genotypes, indicating that juvenile salmon of different vgll3 genotypes have similar maintenance energy requirements in the experimental conditions used and that the effects of vgll3 on body condition and maturation are not strongly related to maintenance energy expenditure in either sex at this life stage.

scholarly journals Heat Stress Reduces Metabolic Rate While Increasing Respiratory Exchange Ratio in Growing Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 215
Author(s):  
Dane W. Fausnacht ◽  
Kellie A. Kroscher ◽  
Ryan P. McMillan ◽  
Luciane S. Martello ◽  
Lance H. Baumgard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Respiratory Exchange Ratio ◽  
Muscle Growth ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Substrate Regulation ◽  
Enclosed Chamber ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Heat stress (HS) diminishes animal production, reducing muscle growth and increasing adiposity, especially in swine. Excess heat creates a metabolic phenotype with limited lipid oxidation that relies on aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis as a predominant means of energy production, potentially reducing metabolic rate. To evaluate the effects of HS on substrate utilization and energy expenditure, crossbred barrows (15.2 ± 2.4 kg) were acclimatized for 5 days (22 °C), then treated with 5 days of TN (thermal neutral, 22 °C, n = 8) or HS (35 °C, n = 8). Pigs were fed ad libitum and monitored for respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature. Daily energy expenditure (DEE) and respiratory exchange ratio (RER, CO2:O2) were evaluated fasted in an enclosed chamber through indirect calorimetry. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the longissimus dorsi pre/post. HS increased temperature (39.2 ± 0.1 vs. 39.6 ± 0.1 °C, p < 0.01) and RER (0.91 ± 0.02 vs. 1.02 ± 0.02 VCO2:VO2, p < 0.01), but decreased DEE/BW (68.8 ± 1.7 vs. 49.7 ± 4.8 kcal/day/kg, p < 0.01) relative to TN. Weight gain (p = 0.80) and feed intake (p = 0.84) did not differ between HS and TN groups. HS decreased muscle metabolic flexibility (~33%, p = 0.01), but increased leucine oxidation (~35%, p = 0.02) compared to baseline values. These data demonstrate that HS disrupts substrate regulation and energy expenditure in growing pigs.

scholarly journals Can variation in standard metabolic rate explain context-dependent performance of farmed Atlantic salmon offspring?

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grethe Robertsen ◽  
Donald Reid ◽  
Sigurd Einum ◽  
Tonje Aronsen ◽  
Ian A. Fleming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Context Dependent ◽  
Farmed Atlantic Salmon

Consequences of circadian fluctuations in water temperature on the standard metabolic rate of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar)

2013 ◽  
Vol 70 (7) ◽  
pp. 1072-1081 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Beauregard ◽  
Eva Enders ◽  
Daniel Boisclair
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Water Temperature ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Fish Growth ◽  
Salmon Parr ◽  
Model Components ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Parr

Fish that inhabit rivers may experience important daily fluctuations in water temperature. Bioenergetic models have the potential to simulate the effects of such fluctuations on fish growth; however, bioenergetic components are traditionally modeled using fish kept at constant water temperatures. This study tested the hypothesis that circadian fluctuations in water temperature increase the standard metabolic rate of fish. The standard metabolic rate of Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar; 5.96–36.20 g wet blotted mass) estimated at 20 ± 0.5 °C was 25% to 32% lower for fish held at a relatively constant water temperature (20.2 ± 0.5 °C) than for fish maintained under fluctuating thermal regimes (19.8 ± 2.0 °C; 19.5 ± 3.0 °C). This study suggests that a rise in standard metabolic rate may explain how temperature fluctuations affect fish growth. It also indicates that the traditional approach used to estimate and model components of the bioenergetic equation may substantially underestimate the standard metabolic rate of fish that are subjected to such fluctuations.

Effects of diel temperature fluctuation on the standard metabolic rate of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): influence of acclimation temperature and provenience

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 1306-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Oligny-Hébert ◽  
Caroline Senay ◽  
Eva C. Enders ◽  
Daniel Boisclair
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Salmo Salar ◽  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Temperature Fluctuation ◽  
Standard Metabolic Rate ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽  
Juvenile Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Thermal Regimes

We assessed the metabolic response of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar; JAS) originating from two rivers with different natural thermal regimes to different acclimation temperature (15 or 20 °C) and diel temperature fluctuation (constant: ±0.5 °C; fluctuating: ±2.5 °C). Diel temperature fluctuation (15 ± 2.5 °C) near the thermal optimum (16 °C) for the species did not influence standard metabolic rate (SMR) compared with JAS acclimated to a constant temperature of 15 °C. Diel temperature fluctuation at 20 ± 2.5 °C increased SMR of JAS from the warmer river by 33.7% compared with the same fish acclimated to a constant temperature of 20 °C. SMR of JAS from the cooler river held at fluctuating conditions had SMR that were 8% lower than SMR at constant conditions. The results suggest that the mean temperature to which JAS is exposed may affect their responses to diel temperature fluctuation and that this response may vary between populations originating from rivers with different natural thermal regimes. Results were used to develop the first empirical SMR model for JAS subjected to diel temperature fluctuation using fish mass (3–36 g wet) and temperature (12.5–22.5 °C) as explanatory variables.

Energy expenditure in non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects on metformin or sulphonylurea therapy

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Leslie ◽  
R. T. Jung ◽  
T. E. Isles ◽  
J. Baty
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Resting Metabolic Rate ◽  
Confidence Limits ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Insulin Dependent ◽  
Predicted Values ◽  
Insulin Dependent Diabetic

1. In the management of the non-insulin dependent diabetic patient, metformin often facilitates weight loss whereas sulphonylurea may predispose to weight gain. To investigate whether this is due to alterations in energy expenditure we have studied energy expenditure in seven non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects while on metformin or sulphonylurea therapy. 2. Three components of energy expenditure were measured by indirect calorimetry, namely resting metabolic rate and the thermic responses to infused noradrenaline and to a mixed constituent meal. 3. There was no significant difference in the resting metabolic rate on metformin (5.29 ± 0.41 kJ/min; mean ± se) compared with sulphonylurea (5.34 ± 0.34 kJ/min). The resting metabolic rate was also similar to predicted values for non-diabetic subjects (r = 0.96). 4. The thermic response to infused noradrenaline was similar on metformin (23.14 ± 1.87 kJ) and sulphonylurea (21.40 ± 2.98 kJ). 5. There was no significant difference in the thermic response to the meal on sulphonylurea (75.8 ± 7.5 kJ) or on metformin (86.8 ± 10.8 kJ; 95% confidence limits − 17 to + 39 kJ). 6. We conclude that in non-insulin dependent diabetic subjects metformin does not enhance energy expenditure overall, compared with sulphonylurea.

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