scholarly journals Skin specimen as an alternative to brain tissue for post mortem rabies diagnosis in animals to scale up animal rabies surveillance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aparna S ◽  
Abraham Susan Swapna ◽  
GS Ajithkumar ◽  
Sujatha Chintha ◽  
PR Prathiush ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Skin Sample ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis ◽  
Skin Specimen

Background: Detection of the virus or some of its specific components using WHO and OIE recommended standard laboratory tests is the only way to get a reliable diagnosis of rabies. Brain tissue is the preferred specimen for post-mortem diagnosis of rabies in both humans and animals. Higher biosecurity requirements, skill and transportation facilities required for collection and transport of brain or whole carcass to the laboratory is one of the reasons for the poor rabies surveillance in animals. Point of care testing with simple, reliable and easy to operate devices would be an ideal approach for providing rapid results. Methods: The study evaluated diagnostic performance of two reference tests, DFAT and RTPCR on skin specimen, to assess its suitability as an alternative of brain tissue for post mortem rabies diagnosis in animals. Brain tissue and skin sample belonging to different species of animals (n=90) collected at necropsy were compared using Fluorescent Antibody Test and RT PCR, internationally approved methods for rabies diagnosis.  Results: Validation of RT-PCR on skin and DFAT on skin in comparison with DFAT on brain as gold standard gave a sensitivity of 98% (95% CI:94.1-100) and 80% (95%CI:71.8-88.2) respectively.  Specificity was 100% in both tests. Conclusion: The findings highlight the potential of skin specimen for improving rabies surveillance in animals especially in resource poor countries.

A comparative study of the fluorescent antibody test for rabies diagnosis in fresh and formalin-fixed brain tissue specimens

2001 ◽  
Vol 95 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 145-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia G. Whitfield ◽  
Makonnen Fekadu ◽  
John H. Shaddock ◽  
Michael Niezgoda ◽  
Cynthia K. Warner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Tissue Specimens ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis ◽  
Formalin Fixed

scholarly journals Real-Time RT-PCR for the Detection of Lyssavirus Species

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Deubelbeiss ◽  
M.-L. Zahno ◽  
M. Zanoni ◽  
D. Bruegger ◽  
R. Zanoni
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Rabies Virus Strain ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

The causative agents of rabies are single-stranded, negative-sense RNA viruses in the genus Lyssavirus of Rhabdoviridae, consisting of twelve classified and three as yet unclassified species including classical rabies virus (RABV). Highly neurotropic RABV causes rapidly progressive encephalomyelitis with nearly invariable fatal outcome. Rapid and reliable diagnosis of rabies is highly relevant for public and veterinary health. Due to growing variety of the genus Lyssavirus observed, the development of suitable molecular assays for diagnosis and differentiation is challenging. This work focused on the establishment of a suitable real-time RT-PCR technique for rabies diagnosis as a complement to fluorescent antibody test and rabies tissue culture infection test as gold standard for diagnosis and confirmation. The real-time RT-PCR was adapted with the goal to detect the whole spectrum of lyssavirus species, for nine of which synthesized DNA fragments were used. For the detection of species, seven probes were developed. Serial dilutions of the rabies virus strain CVS-11 showed a 100-fold higher sensitivity of real-time PCR compared to heminested RT-PCR. Using a panel of thirty-one lyssaviruses representing four species, the suitability of the protocol could be shown. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequences obtained by heminested PCR allowed correct classification of all viruses used.

scholarly journals Molecular epidemiological analysis of wild animal rabies isolates from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gundallhalli Bayyappa Manjunatha Reddy ◽  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Karam Pal Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar Sharma ◽  
Sobharani Vineetha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Single Cluster

Aim: This study was conducted to know the genetic variability of rabies viruses (RVs) from wild animals in India. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 rabies suspected brain samples of wild animals from different states of India were included in the study. The samples were subjected for direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene sequences was performed. Results: Of 20 samples, 11, 10, and 12 cases were found positive by dFAT, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Indian wild RVs isolates belonged to classical genotype 1 of Lyssavirus and were closely related to Arctic/Arctic-like single cluster indicating the possibility of a spillover of rabies among different species. Conclusion: The results indicated the circulation of similar RVs in sylvatic and urban cycles in India. However, understanding the role of wild animals as reservoir host needs to be studied in India.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an Immunochromatographic Assay as a Canine Rabies Surveillance Tool in Goa, India

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yale ◽  
Gibson ◽  
Mani ◽  
P.K. ◽  
Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Tissue ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Immunochromatographic Assay ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Laboratory Equipment ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
The Government

Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease transmitted by the bite of a rabid animal. More than 95% of the human rabies cases in India are attributed to exposure to rabid dogs. This study evaluated the utility of a lateral flow immunochromatographic assay (LFA) (Anigen Rapid Rabies Ag Test Kit, Bionote, Hwaseong-si, Korea) for rapid post mortem diagnosis of rabies in dogs. Brain tissue was collected from 202 animals that were screened through the Government of Goa rabies surveillance system. The brain tissue samples were obtained from 188 dogs, nine cats, three bovines, one jackal and one monkey. In addition, 10 dogs that died due to trauma from road accidents were included as negative controls for the study. The diagnostic performance of LFA was evaluated using results from direct fluorescence antibody test (dFT); the current gold standard post mortem test for rabies infection. Three samples were removed from the analysis as they were autolysed and not fit for testing by dFT. Of the 209 samples tested, 117 tested positive by LFA and 92 tested negative, while 121 tested positive by dFT and 88 tested negative. Estimates of LFA sensitivity and specificity were 0.96 (95% CI 0.91–0.99) and 0.99 (95% CI 0.94–1.00), respectively. The LFA is a simple and low-cost assay that aids in the rapid diagnosis of rabies in the field without the need for expensive laboratory equipment or technical expertise. This study found that Bionote LFA has potential as a screening tool in rabies endemic countries.

Disease outbreaks caused by steppe-type rabies viruses in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. FENG ◽  
W. WANG ◽  
J. GUO ◽  
ALATENGHELI ◽  
Y. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Public Health Concern ◽  
Significant Public Health

SUMMARYWhile rabies is a significant public health concern in China, the epidemiology of animal rabies in the north and northwest border provinces remains unknown. From February 2013 to March 2014, seven outbreaks of domestic animal rabies caused by wild carnivores in Xinjiang (XJ) and Inner Mongolia (IM) Autonomous Regions, China were reported and diagnosed in brain samples of infected animals by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and RT–PCR. Ten field rabies viruses were obtained. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the complete N gene (1353 bp) amplified directly from the original brain tissues showed that these ten strains were steppe-type viruses, closely related to strains reported in Russia and Mongolia. None had been identified previously in China. The viruses from XJ and IM clustered separately into two lineages showing their different geographical distribution. This study emphasizes the importance of wildlife surveillance and of cross-departmental cooperation in the control of transboundary rabies transmission.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Interference Filter for Use in Rabies Diagnosis by the Fluorescent Antibody Test

1973 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 429-430
Author(s):  
Vester J. Lewis ◽  
W. Lanier Thacker ◽  
Helen M. Engelman
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Interference Filter ◽  
Rabies Diagnosis

scholarly journals Clinical validation of a point-of-care antibody test for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monila Patel ◽  
Yogesh Lakhotia ◽  
Sneha Shah ◽  
Nilay Suthar ◽  
Cherry Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Clinical Validation ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Antibody Tests ◽  
Spike Proteins

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a lateral flow antibody test for COVID-19, approved for use in India. Although many point-of-care antibody tests are available globally, they have been subjected to limited clinical validation. This has led to suboptimal outcomes in the field, where antibody tests play a significant role in tracking the immunity of individuals and communities. In this study an antibody test, ImmunoQuick that recognizes antibodies to the Nucleocapsid and Spike proteins of SARS CoV-2 was tested in 100 symptomatic patients with a positive or negative diagnosis of COVID-19, based on RT-PCR results. The overall sensitivity of the test was found to be 86.1% (95% CI: 76.4% to 92.8%) and specificity 100% (95% confidence interval: 73.5% to 100%). The sensitivity reached a peak of 95.7% with samples taken 17 days after the onset of symptoms. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity of the test are sufficient for assessing seroprevalence.

scholarly journals Evaluation of accuracy, exclusivity, limit-of-detection and ease-of-use of LumiraDx™ - Antigen-detecting point-of-care device for SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Johanna Krüger ◽  
Julian A.F. Klein ◽  
Frank Tobian ◽  
Mary Gaeddert ◽  
Federica Lainati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Load ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Ease Of Use ◽  
Analytical Sensitivity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Clinical Sensitivity ◽  
Lateral Flow Assays

Background: Rapid antigen-detecting tests (Ag-RDTs) for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can transform pandemic control. Thus far, sensitivity (≤85%) of lateral-flow assays has limited scale-up. Conceivably, microfluidic immunofluorescence Ag-RDTs could increase sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Materials and Methods: This multi-centre diagnostic accuracy study investigated performance of the microfluidic immunofluorescence LumiraDx™ assay, enrolling symptomatic and asymptomatic participants with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection. Participants collected a supervised nasal mid-turbinate (NMT) self-swab for Ag-RDT testing, in addition to a professionally-collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swab for routine testing with reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results were compared to calculate sensitivity and specificity. Sub-analyses investigated the results by viral load, symptom presence and duration. An analytical study assessed exclusivity and limit-of-detection (LOD). In addition, we evaluated ease-of-use. Results: Study conduct was between November 2nd 2020 and January 21st 2021. 761 participants were enrolled, with 486 participants reporting symptoms on testing day. 120 out of 146 RT-PCR positive cases were detected positive by LumiraDx™, resulting in a sensitivity of 82.2% (95% CI: 75.2%-87.5%). Specificity was 99.3% (CI: 98.3-99.7%). Sensitivity was increased in individuals with viral load ≥ 7 log10 SARS-CoV2 RNA copies/ml (93.8%; CI: 86.2%-97.3%). Testing against common respiratory commensals and pathogens showed no cross-reactivity and LOD was estimated to be 2-56 PFU/mL. The ease-of-use-assessment was favourable for lower throughput settings. Conclusion: The LumiraDx™ assay showed excellent analytical sensitivity, exclusivity and clinical specificity with good clinical sensitivity using supervised NMT self-sampling.

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