scholarly journals Molecular epidemiological analysis of wild animal rabies isolates from India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 352-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gundallhalli Bayyappa Manjunatha Reddy ◽  
Rajendra Singh ◽  
Karam Pal Singh ◽  
Anil Kumar Sharma ◽  
Sobharani Vineetha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Epidemiological Analysis ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Single Cluster

Aim: This study was conducted to know the genetic variability of rabies viruses (RVs) from wild animals in India. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 rabies suspected brain samples of wild animals from different states of India were included in the study. The samples were subjected for direct fluorescent antibody test (dFAT), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and quantitative reverse transcriptase real-time PCR (RT-qPCR). The phylogenetic analysis of partial nucleoprotein gene sequences was performed. Results: Of 20 samples, 11, 10, and 12 cases were found positive by dFAT, RT-PCR, and RT-qPCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all Indian wild RVs isolates belonged to classical genotype 1 of Lyssavirus and were closely related to Arctic/Arctic-like single cluster indicating the possibility of a spillover of rabies among different species. Conclusion: The results indicated the circulation of similar RVs in sylvatic and urban cycles in India. However, understanding the role of wild animals as reservoir host needs to be studied in India.

scholarly journals Seroepidemiology ofLeishmaniaspp. in equids from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Magalhães de Oliveira ◽  
Felipe Garcia ◽  
Fernanda Evers ◽  
Vinícius de Morais Barbosa ◽  
Diego Camilo Mora Obando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Activity ◽  
Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Epidemiological Survey ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Leishmania Spp

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in equids from Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Southeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 257 healthy equids of Uberlândia were assessed for the presence of antibodies against Leishmania spp. by using the indirect fluorescent-antibody test. Additionally, an epidemiological survey was done to evaluate the possible risk factors (species of equids, age, gender, economic activity, and contact with domestic and wild animals) associated with the presence of antibodies against Leishmania spp. The total seroprevalence against Leishmania spp. was 24.1% (62/257); representing seroprevalence levels of 22.7% (55/242) in horses, 50% (4/8) in mules, and 42.9% (3/7) in ponies from all regions evaluated. The species of equid was the only factor that contributed to an elevated seroprevalence of Leishmania spp.

scholarly journals Detection of Neospora caninum Infection in Aborted Equine Fetuses in Israel

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 962
Author(s):  
Monica Leszkowicz Mazuz ◽  
Lea Mimoun ◽  
Gili Schvartz ◽  
Sharon Tirosh-Levy ◽  
Igor Savitzki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neospora Caninum ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Fetal Loss ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Transplacental Transmission ◽  
Caninum Infection ◽  
Parasite Detection ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Equine Abortion

In horses, Neospora caninum and Neospora hughesi have been associated with fetal loss, and neurological disease, respectively. This study investigated the role of Neospora spp. infection in equine abortion in Israel. The presence of anti-Neospora spp. antibodies was evaluated in 31 aborting mares by indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and the presence of parasite DNA in their aborted fetuses was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using two target loci (ITS1 and Nc5). The seroprevalence found in aborting mares was 70.9% and the prevalence by DNA detection in the aborted fetuses was 41.9%. Transplacental transmission from positive mares to their fetuses was 45.4% (10/22), while 33.3% (3/9) of fetuses of seronegative mares also tested positive for Neospora. The use of two PCR targets improved the sensitivity of parasite detection, and positive samples were identified by sequence analyses as N. caninum. These finding suggest that N. caninum could be a significant cause of abortion in horses, and that transplacental transmission in horses is an important way of transmission of N.caninum. The results presented here demonstrated the necessity to use several tests concurrently, including serological and molecular assays in order to confirm the involvement of Neospora in mare abortions.

Disease outbreaks caused by steppe-type rabies viruses in China

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
pp. 1287-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. FENG ◽  
W. WANG ◽  
J. GUO ◽  
ALATENGHELI ◽  
Y. LI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Domestic Animal ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
The North ◽  
Significant Public Health Concern ◽  
Significant Public Health

SUMMARYWhile rabies is a significant public health concern in China, the epidemiology of animal rabies in the north and northwest border provinces remains unknown. From February 2013 to March 2014, seven outbreaks of domestic animal rabies caused by wild carnivores in Xinjiang (XJ) and Inner Mongolia (IM) Autonomous Regions, China were reported and diagnosed in brain samples of infected animals by the fluorescent antibody test (FAT) and RT–PCR. Ten field rabies viruses were obtained. Sequence comparison and phylogenetic analysis based on the complete N gene (1353 bp) amplified directly from the original brain tissues showed that these ten strains were steppe-type viruses, closely related to strains reported in Russia and Mongolia. None had been identified previously in China. The viruses from XJ and IM clustered separately into two lineages showing their different geographical distribution. This study emphasizes the importance of wildlife surveillance and of cross-departmental cooperation in the control of transboundary rabies transmission.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Rabies in Wild Canidae in Tunisia

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2473
Author(s):  
Zied Bouslama ◽  
Habib Kharmachi ◽  
Nourhene Basdouri ◽  
Jihen Ben Salem ◽  
Samia Ben Maiez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Bayesian Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Viral Sequencing ◽  
Virus Isolates ◽  
Virus Strains ◽  
Natural Barrier

Rabies is a viral zoonosis that is transmissible to humans via domestic and wild animals. There are two epidemiological cycles for rabies, the urban and the sylvatic cycles. In an attempt to study the epidemiological role of wild canidae in rabies transmission, the present study aimed to analyze the genetic characteristics of virus isolates and confirm prior suggestions that rabies is maintained through a dog reservoir in Tunisia. Virus strains isolated from wild canidae were subject to viral sequencing, and Bayesian phylogenetic analysis was performed using Beast2 software. Essentially, the virus strains isolated from wild canidae belonged to the Africa-1 clade, which clearly diverges from fox-related strains. Our study also demonstrated that genetic characteristics of the virus isolates were not as distinct as could be expected if a wild reservoir had already existed. On the contrary, the geographic landscape is responsible for the genetic diversity of the virus. The landscape itself could have also acted as a natural barrier to the spread of the virus.

scholarly journals Diversity and Transmission of Aleutian Mink Disease Virus in Feral and Farmed American Mink and Native Mustelids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenni Virtanen ◽  
Andrzej Zalewski ◽  
Marta Kołodziej-Sobocińska ◽  
Marcin Brzeziński ◽  
Teemu Smura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Disease Virus ◽  
American Mink ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Multiple Introductions ◽  
Aleutian Mink Disease Virus ◽  
Pine Martens

Abstract Aleutian mink disease virus (AMDV), which causes Aleutian disease (AD), is widely spread both in farmed mink and wild mustelids. However, only limited data is available on the role of wild animals in AMDV transmission and spread. Our aim was to shed light on AMDV transmission among wild mustelids and estimate the effect of intense farming practices on the virus circulation by studying AMDV prevalence and genetic diversity among wild mustelids in Poland. We compared AMDV seroprevalence and proportion of PCR positive individuals in American mink, polecats, otters, stone martens, and pine martens, and used phylogenetic analysis of NS1 region to study transmission. In addition, we used metagenomic approach to sequence complete AMDV genomes from tissue samples. In eastern Poland, AMDV seroprevalence in wild mustelids varied from 22% in otters to 62% and 64% in stone martens and feral mink, respectively. All studied antibody positive mink were also PCR positive, whereas only 10, 15, and 18% of antibody positive polecats, pine martens, and stone martens, respectively, were PCR positive, suggesting lower virus persistence among these animal species as compared to feral mink. In phylogenetic analysis, most sequences from feral mink formed region-specific clusters that have most likely emerged through multiple introductions of AMDV to feral mink population over decades. However, virus spread between regions was also observed. Virus sequences derived from farmed and wild animals formed separate sub-clusters in the phylogenetic tree and no signs of recent virus transmission between farmed and wild animals was observed despite frequent inflow of farmed mink escapees to wild populations. These results provide new information about the role of different mustelid species in AMDV transmission and about virus circulation among the wild mustelids. In addition, we pinpoint gaps-of-knowledge, where more studies are needed to achieve a comprehensive picture of AMDV transmission.

scholarly journals Antigenic characterisation of lyssaviruses in South Africa

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Ngoepe ◽  
Christine Fehlner-Gardiner ◽  
Alex Wandeler ◽  
Claude Sabeta
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Reservoir Host ◽  
Differential Staining ◽  
Bat Virus ◽  
Antigenic Reactivity ◽  
Mokola Virus

There are at least six Lyssavirus species that have been isolated in Africa, which include classical rabies virus, Lagos bat virus, Mokola virus, Duvenhage virus, Shimoni bat virus and Ikoma lyssavirus. In this retrospective study, an analysis of the antigenic reactivity patterns of lyssaviruses in South Africa against a panel of 15 anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies was undertaken. A total of 624 brain specimens, collected between 2005 and 2009, confirmed as containing lyssavirus antigen by direct fluorescent antibody test, were subjected to antigenic differentiation. The lyssaviruses were differentiated into two species, namely rabies virus (99.5%) and Mokola virus (0.5%). Furthermore, rabies virus was further delineated into two common rabies biotypes in South Africa: canid and mongoose. Initially, it was found that the canid rabies biotype had two reactivity patterns; differential staining was observed with just one monoclonal antibody. This difference was likely to have been an artefact related to sample quality, as passage in cell culture restored staining. Mongoose rabies viruses were more heterogeneous, with seven antigenic reactivity patterns detected. Although Mokola viruses were identified in this study, prevalence and reservoir host species are yet to be established. These data demonstrate the usefulness of monoclonal antibody typing panels in lyssavirus surveillance with reference to emergence of new species or spread of rabies biotypes to new geographic zones.

scholarly journals Diagnosis and molecular typing of rabies virus in samples stored in inadequate conditions

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (08) ◽  
pp. 1016-1021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando J Beltran ◽  
Federico Gury Dohmen ◽  
Horacio Del Pietro ◽  
Daniel M Cisterna
Keyword(s):  
Rabies Virus ◽  
Molecular Typing ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Three Samples

Introduction: The exposure of nervous tissue samples to high temperatures affects the sensitivity of rabies virus diagnostic tests, causing degradation of the viral structure. This study evaluated reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the diagnosis and molecular characterization of brain tissue samples in an advanced state of decomposition and poorly conserved viral isolates by comparing it with routine diagnostic tests. Methodology: A panel of three canine brain samples exposed to controlled decomposition for 7, 15, 30, and 120 days were evaluated using fluorescence antibody test (FAT), mouse inoculation test (MIT), and RT-PCR. In addition, 14 isolates of rabies variants, representing the largest circulation in Argentina, preserved in inadequate cooling for six to eight years were analyzed. Molecular typing of strains was performed using a 159-nucleotide region corresponding to the nucleoprotein gene. Results: The three samples analyzed were positive by RT-PCR at all the decomposition times evaluated, in contrast to results observed with FAT and MIT, which rapidly became negative. In addition, 100% of the inadequately preserved samples were characterized molecularly. The limit of detection of RT-PCR was 0.5 MICDL50/0.03 mL. Conclusion: RT-PCR can be useful for rabies diagnosis and typing of putrefying samples or rabies isolates stored in inadequate conditions.

Phylogenetic analysis of the nucleoprotein gene of measles viruses prevalent in Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China, during 2010

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (9) ◽  
pp. 1607-1611
Author(s):  
H. LI ◽  
S. D. SPENCER ◽  
L. LIAN ◽  
Z. ZHANG ◽  
P. LU
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analysis ◽  
Nucleotide Sequence ◽  
Measles Virus ◽  
Genetic Characterization ◽  
Jiangsu Province ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
City Region ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Nucleoprotein Gene ◽  
Endemic Transmission

SUMMARYMeasles control in China is monitored in part by surveillance of circulating wild-type viruses. The objective of this study was genetic characterization and phylogenetic analysis of measles strains in the Nantong City region of Jiangsu province, China, during 2010. Sera from suspected cases were tested for IgM antibodies and measles virus isolated by inoculation of transport medium onto Vero/SLAM cells. Isolated strains were phylogenetically analysed according to the nucleotide sequence of the C-terminal region of the nucleoprotein gene amplified by RT–PCR. The results revealed 34 cases confirmed by positive IgM, for an incidence of 0·45/100 000. Six isolates identified were all clustered within genotype H1. The findings reported here support continued endemic transmission of measles virus in China.

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