scholarly journals Title-Effects of Catha Edulis Forsk on Spatial Cognition and correlation with serum electrolytes in Wild- type Male White Albino Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abebaye Aragaw Limenie ◽  
Tesfaye Tolessa Dugul ◽  
Eyasu Mekonnen Eshetu
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Catha Edulis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wild Type Male

Background : The burdens of psychostimulant use disorders are becoming a worldwide problem. One of the psychostimulants widely consumed in Ethiopia and East African countries is Catha edulis Forsk (khat). However, no studies have been conducted on the cognitive effects of khat and its correlation with serum electrolytes. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of khat on cognitive functions and its correlation with serum electrolytes. Materials and Methods — A total of 36 adult (7-8 weeks) wild-type male Swiss albino rats weighing between 213 and 229g were used in this study. The rats were received crude khat extract subchronically (kesc) (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg b.w), khat juice (khJ 2.5 mL/kg) and 2% tween 80 in distilled water (T80W- v/v, vehicle) and khat extract subacutely (kesa) (300 mg/kg). Spatial learning and memory were measured using Morris water maze model and serum electrolytes were measured using Cobas 6000. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 21.0 and Microsoft Excel. Results : Spatial learning was improved with trials across the groups, while average escape latency (s) and swim path-length (cm) of rats that received kesc 200 mg/kg (p<0.001 and p<0.001) and kesc 300 mg/kg (p<0.01 and p<0.001) was significantly greater than rats that received the vehicle. However, there was no significant difference in the latency between rats that received kesa 300mg/kg and vehicle (p>0.05). Thigmotaxis was significantly higher in rats that received all doses of khat extract (p<0.001). The time spent in the target quadrant in rats that received kesc 300 mg/kg was significantly reduced (p<0.05). Serum calcium level was inversely correlated with the escape latency (R=-0.417, p<0.05) in rats that received khat. Conclusions : khat extract and juice administered subchronically, but not subacute administration, impaired learning and memory in rats and was associated with serum calcium reduction. The neuronal basis for such alteration should be investigated.

scholarly journals Effects of Chronic Administration of Pioglitazone on Learning and Memory in Rat Model of Streptozotocin-induced Alzheimer’s Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 294-307
Author(s):  
Ehsan Aali ◽  
◽  
Mohammad Hossein Esmaeili ◽  
Sead Shima Mahmodi ◽  
Poriea Solimani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Chronic Administration ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Swimming Time

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal protein accumulation, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPARγ) play a crucial role in regulating insulin sensitivity and may serve as potential therapeutic targets for AD. Pioglitazone (PIOG), as a PPARγ agonist, reduces β-amyloid and tau proteins, and inhibits neuroinflammation. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of PIOG chronic administration on learning and memory in rat model of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced AD Methods: Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: A. Normal rats divided into three subgroups of Control, Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), and PIOG; and B. AD rats divided into four subgroups of Vehicle, STZ, STZ+DMSO and STZ+PIOG. The last two AD subgroups received 0.2 mL DMSO and PIOG (10 mg/kg per day) for 21 days. For induction of AD, STZ (3 mg/kg, 10 μl per injection site) were administered into lateral ventricles. All rates were trained under the Morris water maze task. Findings: PIOG impaired the spatial learning and memory in normal rats. Intracerebroventricular injection of STZ significantly increased escape latency and swimming time to find the hidden platform compared to the control group (P<0.05). The amnesic effect of STZ was prevented by PIOG administration such that the escape latency and swimming time to find the hidden platform in the STZ+PIOG group were significantly lower than in the STZ+DMSO group (P<0.05). Conversely, the percentage of time spent and distance swimming in the target quadrant in the probe test in the STZ+ PIOG group rats were significantly higher than those in the STZ + DMSO group. Conclusion: PIOG administration impaired spatial learning and memory in normal rats, but improved learning and memory in rats with STZ-induced AD. It can be useful for treatment of cognitive impairment in AD patients.

scholarly journals Enhanced Hippocampal CA1 LTP but Normal Spatial Learning in Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate 3-kinase(A)-Deficient Mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kisun Jun ◽  
Gildon Choi ◽  
Sung-Gu Yang ◽  
Kwan Yong Choi ◽  
Hyun Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 Region ◽  
Hippocampal Ca1 ◽  
Morris Water Maze Task ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Kinase A

To define the physiological role of IP33-kinase(A) in vivo, we have generated a mouse strain with a null mutation of the IP33-kinase(A) locus by gene targeting. Homozygous mutant mice were fully viable, fertile, apparently normal, and did not show any morphological anomaly in brain sections. In the mutant brain, the IP4 level was significantly decreased whereas the IP3 level did not change, demonstrating a major role of IP33-kinase(A) in the generation of IP4. Nevertheless, no significant difference was detected in the hippocampal neuronal cells of the wild-type and the mutant mice in the kinetics of Ca2+ regulation after glutamate stimulation. Electrophysiological analyses carried out in hippocampal slices showed that the mutation significantly enhanced the LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region, but had no effect on the LTP in dentate gyrus (DG). No difference was noted, however, between the mutant and the wild-type mice in the Morris water maze task. Our results indicate that IP33-kinase(A) may play an important role in the regulation of LTP in hippocampal CA1 region through the generation of IP4, but the enhanced LTP in the hippocampal CA1 does not affect spatial learning and memory.

Change of learning and memory ability and IGF-1 level in type 3 diabetes rats and effect of analog P165 of APP 5-mer peptide

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 503-503
Author(s):  
R. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Serum Glucose ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Memory Ability ◽  
Type 3 Diabetes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Type 3

ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Analog P165 of APP5-mer peptide on change of learning and memory ability in type 3 diabetes rats.MethodHealthy adult male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control group; type 3 diabetes (T3DM) group; T3DM administrated P165 group. T3DM models were induced by intracerebroventricular injection of Streptozotocin (STZ, 3 mg/kg) bilaterally. P165 groups were treated with gastric P165 (355 μg/kg) Then, learning and memory ability was detected by Morris water maze test. Body weight and serum glucose were recorded. The rat serum Insulin, Gluocagon, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IFG-1) was detected by ELISA method.ResultsIn the Morris water maze test, compared with control group, the escape latency increased significantly (p < 0.05) in model group at the 3rd day. Compared with model group, the escape latency decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in the models administrated P165 group at the 3rd day. Although there was no significant difference, the escape latency decreased in P165 group at the 4th and 5th day. From the result of rats blood serum detection, the serum IGF-1 level decreased significantly in the model group (p < 0.01) than the control group. The serum IGF-1 level increased significantly in P165 treated group(p < 0.05).The body weight and the serum glucose, insulin, gluocagon had no significant difference among the groups in the period of experiment.ConclusionThere is learning and memory impairment in the T3DM rats. P165 can raise the rats blood serum IGF-1 level, ameliorate learning and memory ability but don’t influence the serum glucose.

scholarly journals Biochemical Parameters, Activity Levels of Marker Enzymes and Serum Electolytes of Wistar Albino Rats Fed Mango (Mangifera indica) Pulp Formulated Diets

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Pauline N. Iheagwam ◽  
Eugene N. Onyeike ◽  
Benjamin A. Amadi
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
Calcium Carbide ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Marker Enzymes ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Formulated Diets ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Unripe Fruits

Biochemical parameters, activity levels of marker enzymes and serum electrolytes of Wistar albino rats fed naturally ripe (control), unripe and artificially ripened mango pulp formulated diets were investigated. Ripe and unripe fruits were collected and used for the study and artificially ripened mangoes were obtained by wrapping unripe fruits with dark polyethylene bag; treatment with calcium carbide and by dipping into hot water. After ripening, the mango samples were air-dried, pulverized and used to formulate the 10%, 20%, 30% diets fed to rats for 28 days and their plasma collected for biochemical investigations. At 10% level of incorporation, plasma protein concentration in the control (65.63±0.12 mg/dl) was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than values for unripe groups (55.50±1.91 mg/dl) and calcium carbide (56.97±1.27 mg/dl) while Albumin concentration was highest in the unripe (41.33±3.58 mg/dl) but lowest in the calcium carbide (33.50±0.69 mg/dl) but at 20 and 30% levels, no significant difference was observed for both parameters. Billirubin was significantly higher in the calcium carbide groups but lowest in the control groups at all levels of incorporation while Creatinine and Urea revealed no significant difference at all levels. Marker enzyme assay showed significant variations only in the concentrations of Alkaline phosphatase and Gamma glutamyl transterase at the 30% level of incorporation only. Electrolyte assay revealed that at 30% level of incorporation, significantly lower levels of potassium were observed in the calcium carbide (3.43±0.06 mg/dl) group compared to the control (3.80±0.17 mg/dl).Thus, artificial ripening of fruits may adversely affect Biochemical parameters, activity levels of marker enzymes and serum electrolytes.

scholarly journals Neurokinin 3 Receptor Effects on Cognitive Behaviour in a Rat Model of Alzheimer's Disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raviye Ozen Koca ◽  
Zulfikare Isik Solak Gormus ◽  
Hatice Solak ◽  
Aynur Koc ◽  
İbrahim Kılınç ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Cholinergic Mechanisms ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Information Hypothesis ◽  
Cognitive Behaviour ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Neurokinin 3 Receptor

Abstract Alzheimer's disease (AD) is accepted as a form of progressive and irreversible dementia. It is known that cholinergic systems are commonly affected in AD. Neurokinin 3 receptor (NK3R) is involved in learning and memory related processes. Activation of NK3R is known to facilitate the release of many neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (Ach), dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA). Based on this information, hypothesis of the study that NK3R agonism can have positive effects on behavioral and learning parameters through cholinergic and catecholaminergic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of NK3R agonist senktide on cognitive and neurobehavioral mechanisms in model of AD.50 adult male Wistar albino rats were obtained; Control, AD, Control+NK3R agonist, AD+NK3R agonist, AD+NK3R agonist+antagonist groups. AD model was established by administering Aβ1-42 intracerebroventricularly. Following NK3R agonist+antagonist injections, open field (OF) and Morris water maze (MWM) were applied for behavioral and learning parameters. Hippocampus and cortex tissues were extracted. Analysis of cholinergic mechanisms from these tissues were performed by ELISA method.Group-time effect was significant in OF (p<0.05). Distance moved parameter was significant between groups in MWM (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between groups in AChE and ChAT levels (p<0.05). DA concentrations of brainstem samples were significant (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in NA concentration (p>0.05). NK3R agonists were found to be effective in improving cognitive functions in rats with AD pathology. It has been observed that positive effects on learning and memory performances can be mediated by cholinergic mechanisms.

scholarly journals Assessment of Serum Minerals and Electrolytes In Thyroid Patients

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailaza Shrestha ◽  
Arvind Bharti ◽  
Rahul Rai ◽  
Mukesh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Serum Calcium ◽  
Serum Sodium ◽  
Overt Hypothyroidism ◽  
Electrolyte Disorders ◽  
Serum Electrolytes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Few Data ◽  
Hyperthyroid Patients

The effect on thyroid hormones on electrolytes and minerals has not been well established and the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Only few data on the association between thyroid function and electrolyte disorders exists. Thus our aim was to assess the levels of serum electrolytes and minerals in the patients with thyroid disorders.Materials and methods: 75 patients and 30 controls were included. Thyroid hormones(T3, T4, TSH) were measured by vidas autoanalyser. Serum calcium, phosphorous and magnesium were estimated by kit based method using semiautoanalyser. Serum sodium, potassium and chlorides were estimated using ion selective electrodes. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS 16.Results: Patients with subclinical hypothyroidism and overt hypothyroidism showed significant decrease in serum calcium and sodium levels and significant increase in serum phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and chloride levels(p<0.05). Incase of subclinical hyperthyroidism significant difference could not be obtained among controls and patients(p>0.05). However for overt hyperthyroid patients, serum phosphorous was significantly decreased and serum sodium was increased significantly(p<0.05). Rest of the results were non significant. When correlated with TSH, serum calcium and sodium showed negative correlation whereas it was positive for serum phosphorous, magnesium, potassium and chloride incase of hypothyroidism. For hyperthyroid patients, correlation was negative for magnesium and chloride whereas positive for the rest parameters. But none of correlations were statistically significant(p>0.05).Conclusion: Thyroid patients should be regularly checked for serum electrolytes. Early detection and treatment can prevent the further complications and will be helpful during the management of thyroid patients.

scholarly journals Herbal Extracts Combination (WNK) Prevents Decline in Spatial Learning and Memory in APP/PS1 Mice through Improvement of Hippocampal AβPlaque Formation, Histopathology, and Ultrastructure

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-hong Cong ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Xiao-xia Dong ◽  
Li-song Sheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Mouse Brain ◽  
Spatial Learning ◽  
Plaque Burden ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Memory Retention ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Probe Test

To investigate the cognitive enhancement effect of WNK, an extracts combination ofP. ginseng,  G. biloba, andC. sativusL. and possible mechanisms, 5-month-old APP/PS1 transgenic mice were used in this study. After 3 months of administration, all mice received Morris water maze (MWM) training and a probe test. Mouse brain sections were detected by immunohistochemistry, HE staining, and transmission electron microscopy. MWM results showed significant difference between transgenic mice and nontransgenic littermates (P<0.05,P<0.01). WNK-treated mice exhibited enhanced maze performance over the training progression, especially better spatial memory retention in probe test compared to transgenic mice (P<0.05,P<0.01) and better spatial learning and memory at the fourth day of MWM test compared to EGB761- (G. bilobaextract-) treated ones (P<0.05). Hippocampal Aβplaque burden significantly differed between APP/PS1 and littermate mice (P<0.001), while decreased Aβplaque appeared in WNK- or EGB761-treated transgenic brains (P<0.05). Neurodegenerative changes were evident from light microscopic and ultrastructural observations in transgenic brains, which were improved by WNK or EGB761 treatment. These data indicate WNK can reduce the decline in spatial cognition, which might be due to its effects on reducing Aβplaque formation and ameliorating histopathology and ultrastructure in hippocampus of APP/PS1 mouse brain.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Vigilance Promoting Drugs Modafinil and Caffeine on Cognition Enhancing Activities in Wistar Albino Rats-A Comparative Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1463-1470
Author(s):  
Amberkar Mohanbabu Vittalrao ◽  
Abhishek Chakraborti ◽  
Meena Kumari K ◽  
Nandit Banawalikar ◽  
Kiran Kumar N
Keyword(s):  
Passive Avoidance ◽  
Escape Latency ◽  
Facilitatory Effect ◽  
Morris Water Maze Test ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Latency Time ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Wistar Albino Rats ◽  
Memory Enhancing

Learning process can’t be made simple unless one is wakeful/attentive/aware of present situations. Worldwide, it is known fact that behavioral modulating actions of Caffeine is used in many common beverages, likewise modafinil appears to promote a possible facilitatory effect on cognitive function perhaps that is the primary reason why is it is been used in narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnea, shiftwork and Jet lag syndrome. The rationale for conducting this animal experiment was to exploit/evaluate the vigilance promoting pharmacological actions of modafinil and compare with caffeine and rivastigmine. It promising agent for various indications like cognitive dysfunctional disorders, chronic alcoholism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia. Two drugs modafinil 75mg/kg and caffeine 10mg/kg were used as test drugs and rivastigmine 5mg/kg as standard cognition enhancing and scopolamine 0.5mg/kg to induce amnesia in Wistar albino rats. Three different experimental models were used to screen the memory enhancing activities. The ability of the rats to retain chronic and working memory were screened by standard experiments like T-Maze and passive avoidance respectively. Morris water and T-Maze were used to test navigation and spatial task memory enhancing activities respectively. Total 72 rats were used in the study, 4 groups in each model, and 6 rats in each group. The obtained data were denoted as mean values and statistically analyzed by One-way ANOVA using SPSS 20.0 software. Both the test drugs and rivastigmine treated rats exhibited significant anti- amnesic activities among all three models compared to control (P<0.05). In passive avoidance, rivastigmine ranked maximum in memory retention abilities (17.83), whereas in modafinil treated rats showed similar results however; the rank of increased latency time (15.33 s) was not comparable with caffeine (13.17 s). In T-maze, the no. of mean correct spontaneous and rewarded alternations exhibited by caffeine and modafinil treated rats were 16.50±0.50 and 15.83±0.60 respectively and were comparable to the rivastigmine treated rats. In Morris water maze test, all three drugs caffeine, modafinil and rivastigmine treated group showed significant difference compared to the control. However, caffeine treated rats exhibited statistically significant (P<0.01) least escape latency time at probe trial compared to other groups and rats treated with modafinil showed maximum time in the probe quadrant by 27.37 s. The total amount of time spent in the probe quadrant and escape latency in caffeine and modafinil treated rats were comparable to rivastigmine treated rats.

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