scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis with a 1% population enhances the activity of Enterococcus faecalis with a 99% population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsukasa Ito ◽  
Yu Yamanashi
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Enterococcus Faecalis ◽  
Azo Dye ◽  
Dye Decolorization ◽  
Lag Time ◽  
Arginine Deiminase ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
Atp Production

Microbes are present as communities in the environment. However, the importance of minor populations has not been well studied experimentally. In this study, we evaluated the role of Bacillus subtilis with a 1% population and its effect on co-incubated Enterococcus faecalis with a 99% population. Here we used an azo dye-decolorizing Enterococcus faecalis strain T6a1 and non-dye-decolorizing Bacillus subtilis strain S4ga. The dye decolorization assay enabled the investigation of the effects of Bacillus subtilis S4ga on the activity of Enterococcus faecalis T6a1, even when Bacillus subtilis S4ga was present at only 1% relative abundance or lower. We found that non-decolorizing Bacillus subtilis S4ga enhanced the dye decolorization activity of Enterococcus faecalis T6a1, shortened the lag time of Enterococcus faecalis T6a1 to start decreasing the dye concentration, and increased the time for Enterococcus faecalis T6a1 to continue dye decolorization. These effects were correlated with redox potential values. We compared the extracellular amino acids between each incubation culture of Enterococcus faecalis T6a1 and Bacillus subtilis S4ga, which revealed their mutual relationship by cross-feeding of specific amino acids. We also compared the intracellular primary metabolites between co-incubation and sole incubation of E. faecalis T6a1. The arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway in the co-incubated E. faecalis T6a1 was activated compared to that of E. faecalis T6a1 incubated solely. These findings explained that co-incubation with Bacillus subtilis S4ga promoted ATP production in Enterococcus faecalis T6a1 cells to a greater extent and enhanced dye-decolorization activity.

Source Strength Modulates Fruit Set by Starch Turnover and Export of Both Sucrose and Amino Acids in Pepper

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 2319-2330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas de �vila Silva ◽  
Jorge A Condori-Apfata ◽  
Paulo Mafra de Almeida Costa ◽  
Pedro Brand�o Martino ◽  
Ana C Azevedo Tavares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Source Strength ◽  
Metabolic Balance ◽  
Primary Metabolites ◽  
N Supply ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Sucrose Supply

Abstract Fruit set is an important yield-related parameter, which varies drastically due to genetic and environmental factors. Here, two commercial cultivars of Capsicum chinense (Biquinho and Habanero) were evaluated in response to light intensity (unshaded and shaded) and N supply (deficiency and sufficiency) to understand the role of source strength on fruit set at the metabolic level. We assessed the metabolic balance of primary metabolites in source leaves during the flowering period. Furthermore, we investigated the metabolic balance of the same metabolites in flowers to gain more insights into their influence on fruit set. Genotype and N supply had a strong effect on fruit set and the levels of primary metabolites, whereas light intensity had a moderate effect. Higher fruit set was mainly related to the export of both sucrose and amino acids from source leaves to flowers. Additionally, starch turnover in source leaves, but not in flowers, had a central role on the sucrose supply to sink organs at night. In flowers, our results not only confirmed the role of the daily supply of carbohydrates on fruit set but also indicated a potential role of the balance of amino acids and malate.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial proline catabolism activates Ras1/cAMP/PKA-induced filamentation inCandida albicans

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fitz Gerald S. Silao ◽  
Meliza Ward ◽  
Kicki Ryman ◽  
Axel Wallström ◽  
Björn Brindefalk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Amino Acid Permease ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen ◽  
Pka Pathway

AbstractAmino acids are among the earliest identified inducers of yeast-to-hyphal transitions inCandida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen of humans. Here, we show that the morphogenic amino acids arginine, ornithine and proline are internalized and metabolized in mitochondria via aPUT1- andPUT2-dependent pathway that results in enhanced ATP production. Elevated ATP levels correlate with Ras1/cAMP/PKA pathway activation and Efg1-induced gene expression. The magnitude of amino acid-induced filamentation is linked to glucose availability; high levels of glucose repress mitochondrial function thereby dampening filamentation. Furthermore, arginine-induced morphogenesis occurs more rapidly and independently of Dur1,2-catalyzed urea degradation, indicating that mitochondrial-generated ATP, not CO2, is the primary morphogenic signal derived from arginine metabolism. The important role of the SPS-sensor of extracellular amino acids in morphogenesis is the consequence of induced amino acid permease gene expression, i.e., SPS-sensor activation enhances the capacity of cells to take up morphogenic amino acids, a requisite for their catabolism.C. albicanscells engulfed by murine macrophages filament, resulting in macrophage lysis. Phagocytosedput1-/-andput2-/- cells do not filament and do not lyse macrophages, consistent with a critical role of mitochondrial proline metabolism in virulence.

scholarly journals 253 Glutamate and glutamine are the major metabolic fuels in enterocytes of suckling piglets

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 68-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenliang He ◽  
Yongqing Hou ◽  
Guoyao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Relative Role ◽  
Bicarbonate Buffer ◽  
Atp Production ◽  
Suckling Piglets ◽  
And Function

Abstract Glutamate and glutamine are known to be important energy substrates in pig enterocytes, and aspartate has also been reported to be extensively catabolized by the rat small intestine. However, little is known about the relative role of amino acids, glucose and fatty acids in ATP production by enterocytes. In the present study, enterocytes isolated from 0-, 7-, 14- and 21-day-old piglets were used to determine the rates of oxidation of amino acids, fatty acids and glucose. Enterocytes were incubated at 37oC for 30 min in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 5 mM D-glucose and one of the following: 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]glutamate, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]glutamine, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]aspartate, 0.5–5 mM L-[U-14C]alanine, 0.5–2 mM L-[U-14C]palmitate, D-[U-14C]glucose, 0.5–5 mM [U-14C]propionate, or 0.5–5 mM [1-14C]butyrate. At the end of the incubation, 14CO2 produced from each 14C-labeled substrate was collected. Rates of oxidation of each substrate in enterocytes from all age groups of piglets increased (P < 0.01) progressively with increasing its extracellular concentrations. The rates of oxidation of glutamate, glutamine, aspartate, glucose by enterocytes from 0- to 21-day-old pigs were much greater (P < 0.01) than those for the same concentrations of alanine, palmitate, propionate, and butyrate. In cells from all age groups of piglets, rates of oxidation of, and ATP production from 5 mM glutamate or 5 mM glutamine were greater (P < 0.01) than those from 5 mM glucose and aspartate. Oxidation of alanine, propionate, butyrate and palmitate by enterocytes was limited. At each postnatal age, the oxidation of glutamate and glutamine produced more ATP than any other substrates. Our results indicated that glutamate and glutamine are the major metabolic fuels in enterocytes of 0- to 21-day-old pigs. Because of limited uptake of arterial glutamate by enterocytes, dietary glutamate is essential to the integrity and function of the pig small intestine.

Role of amino acids and micronutrients on biosynthesis of spiramycins

1981 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed A. Ashy ◽  
Abd El-Galil ◽  
M. Khalil ◽  
Abou-Zeid A. Abou-Zeid
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids

Directive Effect of Chain Length in Modulating Peptide Nano-assemblies

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 923-929
Author(s):  
Gaurav Pandey ◽  
Prem Prakash Das ◽  
Vibin Ramakrishnan
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Light Scattering ◽  
Chain Length ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
The Self ◽  
Ionic Charge ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Biophysical Techniques

Background: RADA-4 (Ac-RADARADARADARADA-NH2) is the most extensively studied and marketed self-assembling peptide, forming hydrogel, used to create defined threedimensional microenvironments for cell culture applications. Objectives: In this work, we use various biophysical techniques to investigate the length dependency of RADA aggregation and assembly. Methods: We synthesized a series of RADA-N peptides, N ranging from 1 to 4, resulting in four peptides having 4, 8, 12, and 16 amino acids in their sequence. Through a combination of various biophysical methods including thioflavin T fluorescence assay, static right angle light scattering assay, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), electron microscopy, CD, and IR spectroscopy, we have examined the role of chain-length on the self-assembly of RADA peptide. Results: Our observations show that the aggregation of ionic, charge-complementary RADA motifcontaining peptides is length-dependent, with N less than 3 are not forming spontaneous selfassemblies. Conclusion: The six biophysical experiments discussed in this paper validate the significance of chain-length on the epitaxial growth of RADA peptide self-assembly.

10 THE ROLE OF DIETARY L-SERINE IN THE REGULATION OF INTESTINAL MUCUS BARRIER DURING INFLAMMATION

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S42-S42
Author(s):  
Kohei Sugihara ◽  
Nobuhiko Kamada
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Germ Free ◽  
Intestinal Mucus ◽  
Gnotobiotic Mice ◽  
Mucus Barrier

Abstract Background Recent accumulating evidence suggests that amino acids have crucial roles in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. In inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), amino acid metabolism is changed in both host and the gut microbiota. Among amino acids, L-serine plays a central role in several metabolic processes that are essential for the growth and survival of both mammalian and bacterial cells. However, the role of L-serine in intestinal homeostasis and IBD remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of dietary L-serine on intestinal inflammation in a murine model of colitis. Methods Specific pathogen-free (SPF) mice were fed either a control diet (amino acid-based diet) or an L-serine-deficient diet (SDD). Colitis was induced by the treatment of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). The gut microbiome was analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. We also evaluate the effect of dietary L-serine in germ-free mice and gnotobiotic mice that were colonized by a consortium of non-mucolytic bacterial strains or the consortium plus mucolytic bacterial strains. Results We found that the SDD exacerbated experimental colitis in SPF mice. However, the severity of colitis in SDD-fed mice was comparable to control diet-fed mice in germ-free condition, suggesting that the gut microbiota is required for exacerbation of colitis caused by the restriction of dietary L-serine. The gut microbiome analysis revealed that dietary L-serine restriction fosters the blooms of a mucus-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila and adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in the inflamed gut. Consistent with the expansion of mucolytic bacteria, SDD-fed mice showed a loss of the intestinal mucus layer. Dysfunction of the mucus barrier resulted in increased intestinal permeability, thereby leading to bacterial translocation to the intestinal mucosa, which subsequently increased the severity of colitis. The increased intestinal permeability and subsequent bacterial translocation were observed in SDD-fed gnotobiotic mice that colonized by mucolytic bacteria. In contrast, dietary L-serine restriction did not alter intestinal barrier integrity in gnotobiotic mice that colonized only by non-mucolytic bacteria. Conclusion Our results suggest that dietary L-serine regulates the integrity of the intestinal mucus barrier during inflammation by limiting the expansion of mucus degrading bacteria.

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