scholarly journals Structural and functional asymmetry of the neonatal cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Logan Zane John Williams ◽  
Sean Patrick Fitzgibbon ◽  
Jelena Bozek ◽  
Anderson M Winkler ◽  
Ralica Dimitrova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Left ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Images ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Equivalent Age ◽  
Human Connectome Project

Features of brain asymmetry have been implicated in a broad range of cognitive processes; however, their origins are still poorly understood. Using a new left-right symmetric, spatiotemporal cortical surface atlas, we investigated cortical asymmetries in 442 healthy newborn infants soon after birth, using structural and functional magnetic resonance images from the Developing Human Connectome Project. We identified previously unrecognised structural and functional asymmetries in auditory, visual and sensorimotor cortices, which closely resemble known asymmetries in adults. These findings show that cortical asymmetries are largely determined prenatally and suggest that they may constrain the development of lateralised functions in later life. In adults, deviations in brain asymmetry have been implicated in a broad range of developmental and psychiatric disorders, some of which have been associated with abnormal perinatal neurodevelopment. To test the hypothesis that normal cortical asymmetry is disrupted in the perinatal period by severe environmental stress, we compared cortical asymmetries between the same group of term neonates and 103 preterm neonates imaged at term-equivalent age. No significant differences were seen between these two cohorts, showing that the development of cortical asymmetries proceeds largely unaffected by preterm birth.

"COMPARATIVE STUDY OF EARLY NEONATAL MORBIDITIES OF LATE PRETERM AND TERM NEONATES"

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
Jatin Manocha ◽  
Kusum Mahajan ◽  
Anuj Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Prospective Observational Study ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Late Preterm ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Feeding Problems ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Late Preterm Infants ◽  
Study Results

Background- Newborn infants are unique in their physiology and the health problems that they experience. Neonatal period is dened from birth to under four weeks of age. Late preterm infants may physiologically and physically appear like infants born at term, but most late preterm infants may undergo complications like respiratory distress, apnea, hypothermia, feeding problems, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, sepsis, and mortality. AIM-To compare the clinical prole of late preterm neonates with term neonates. MATERIALAND METHODS: This prospective observational study was carried out in neonatal division of department of pediatrics MMIMSR, Mullana. Eligible neonates delivered at MMIMSR, Mullana born from 34 weeks up to 42 weeks gestation were included. All infants enrolled in the study was followed daily till rst 7 days of life for any morbidity by clinical evaluation and review of hospital records.104 preterms included in the study and 226 term neonates were included in the study. Results- Preterms born via LSCS and NVD were(58%vs.42%).Morbidities in late preterms were Hypoglycemia (21.2% vs. 9.3%), Hypothermia (15.4%vs5.7%), hypocalcaemia (38.4% vs. 5.3%), neonatal hyperbilirubinemia(67.3% vs. 30.5%), feeding difculties(44.2% vs. 14.6%), sepsis(40.4% vs. 19.5%), respiratory support(53% vs. 47%)

scholarly journals Production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro by monocytes from preterm and term neonates [see comments]

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 2478-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Schibler ◽  
KW Liechty ◽  
WL White ◽  
RD Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stimulating Factor

Abstract We postulated that defective generation of granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF) by cells of newborn infants might underlie their deficiencies in upregulating neutrophil production and function during bacterial infection. To test this, we isolated monocytes from the blood of preterm neonates, term neonates, and adults and, after stimulation with various concentrations of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), quantified G-CSF concentrations in cell supernatants and G-CSF mRNA in cell lysates. When stimulated with plateau concentrations of IL-1 alpha for 24 hours, G-CSF concentrations were higher in supernatants of adult cells (8,699 +/- 5,529 pg/10(6) monocytes) than in those from term infants (2,557 +/- 442 pg, P < .05) or from preterm infants (879 +/- 348 pg, P < .05 v adults). When stimulated with plateau concentrations of LPS, supernatants of monocytes from preterm neonates had less G-CSF than did those from term neonates or adults. G-CSF mRNA content was low in cells from preterm infants, higher in those from term infants, and highest in those from adults. On the basis of the in vitro studies, we speculated that serum G-CSF concentrations might be less elevated in neutropenic neonates than in neutropenic adults. Indeed, serum concentrations were relatively low in all nonneutropenic subjects; 92 +/- 34 pg/mL (mean +/- SEM) in 10 preterm neonates, 114 +/- 21 pg/mL in 16 term neonates, and 45 +/- 13 pg/mL in 11 healthy adults. Serum concentrations were not elevated in 7 neutropenic neonates (39 +/- 17 pg/mL) but were in 8 neutropenic adults (2101 +/- 942 pg/mL, P < .05 v healthy adults). Other studies suggested that the lower G-CSF production in neonates is not counterbalanced by a heightened sensitivity of G-CSF--responsive progenitors to G-CSF. Therefore, we speculate that newborn infants, particularly those delivered prematurely, generate comparatively low quantities of G-CSF after inflammatory stimulation, and that this might constitute part of the explanation for their defective upregulation of neutrophil production and function during infection.

Production of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in vitro by monocytes from preterm and term neonates [see comments]

Blood ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 2478-2484 ◽  
Author(s):  
KR Schibler ◽  
KW Liechty ◽  
WL White ◽  
RD Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Granulocyte Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Term Infants ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
And Function ◽  
Stimulating Factor

We postulated that defective generation of granulocyte colony- stimulating factor (G-CSF) by cells of newborn infants might underlie their deficiencies in upregulating neutrophil production and function during bacterial infection. To test this, we isolated monocytes from the blood of preterm neonates, term neonates, and adults and, after stimulation with various concentrations of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), quantified G-CSF concentrations in cell supernatants and G-CSF mRNA in cell lysates. When stimulated with plateau concentrations of IL-1 alpha for 24 hours, G-CSF concentrations were higher in supernatants of adult cells (8,699 +/- 5,529 pg/10(6) monocytes) than in those from term infants (2,557 +/- 442 pg, P < .05) or from preterm infants (879 +/- 348 pg, P < .05 v adults). When stimulated with plateau concentrations of LPS, supernatants of monocytes from preterm neonates had less G-CSF than did those from term neonates or adults. G-CSF mRNA content was low in cells from preterm infants, higher in those from term infants, and highest in those from adults. On the basis of the in vitro studies, we speculated that serum G-CSF concentrations might be less elevated in neutropenic neonates than in neutropenic adults. Indeed, serum concentrations were relatively low in all nonneutropenic subjects; 92 +/- 34 pg/mL (mean +/- SEM) in 10 preterm neonates, 114 +/- 21 pg/mL in 16 term neonates, and 45 +/- 13 pg/mL in 11 healthy adults. Serum concentrations were not elevated in 7 neutropenic neonates (39 +/- 17 pg/mL) but were in 8 neutropenic adults (2101 +/- 942 pg/mL, P < .05 v healthy adults). Other studies suggested that the lower G-CSF production in neonates is not counterbalanced by a heightened sensitivity of G-CSF--responsive progenitors to G-CSF. Therefore, we speculate that newborn infants, particularly those delivered prematurely, generate comparatively low quantities of G-CSF after inflammatory stimulation, and that this might constitute part of the explanation for their defective upregulation of neutrophil production and function during infection.

scholarly journals Predicting age and clinical risk from the neonatal connectome

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yassine Taoudi-Benchekroun ◽  
Daan Christiaens ◽  
Irina Grigorescu ◽  
Andreas Schuh ◽  
Maximilian Pietsch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Brain Maturation ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Maturation Index ◽  
Atypical Development

AbstractThe development of perinatal brain connectivity underpins motor, cognitive and behavioural abilities in later life. With the rise of advanced imaging methods such as diffusion MRI, the study of brain connectivity has emerged as an important tool to understand subtle alterations associated with neurodevelopmental conditions. Brain connectivity derived from diffusion MRI is complex, multi-dimensional and noisy, and hence it can be challenging to interpret on an individual basis. Machine learning methods have proven to be a powerful tool to uncover hidden patterns in such data, thus opening an opportunity for early identification of atypical development and potentially more efficient treatment.In this work, we used Deep Neural Networks and Random Forests to predict neurodevelopmental characteristics from neonatal structural connectomes, in a large sample of neonates (N = 524) derived from the developing Human Connectome Project. We achieved a highly accurate prediction of post menstrual age (PMA) at scan on term-born infants (Mean absolute error (MAE) = 0.72 weeks, r = 0.83, p<<0.001). We also achieved good accuracy when predicting gestational age at birth on a cohort of term and preterm babies scanned at term equivalent age (MAE = 2.21 weeks, r = 0.82, p<<0.001). From our models of PMA at scan for infants born at term, we computed the brain maturation index (i.e. predicted minus actual age) of individual preterm neonates and found significant correlation of this index with motor outcome at 18 months corrected age. Our results suggest that the neural substrate for later neurological functioning is detectable within a few weeks after birth in the structural connectome.

scholarly journals Hippocampal Asymmetry of Regional Development and Structural Covariance in Preterm Neonates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinting Ge ◽  
Yuchuan Qiao ◽  
Shiyu Yuan ◽  
Wenjuan Jiang ◽  
Mengting Liu
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Full Term ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Volumetric Growth ◽  
Structural Covariance ◽  
Equivalent Age ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
Hippocampal Development ◽  
High Degree

AbstractPremature birth is associated with high prevalence of neurodevelopmental impairments in surviving infants. The hippocampus is known to be critical for learning and memory, the putative role of hippocampus dysfunction remains poorly understood in preterm neonates. Particularly, hemispherical asymmetry of the hippocampus has been well-noted, either structurally or functionally. How the preterm birth impairs the hippocampal development, and to what extent the hippocampus was impaired by preterm birth asymmetrical has not been well studied. In this study, we compared regional and local hippocampal development in term born neonates (n=361) and prematurely born infants at term-born equivalent age on MRI studies (n = 53) using T2 MRI images collected from the Developing Human Connectome Project (dHCP); We compared 1) volumetric growth; 2) shape development in the hippocampal hemispheres using Laplace–Beltrami eigen-projection and boundary deformation between the two groups; and 3) structural covariance between hippocampal vertices and the cortical thickness in cerebral cortex regions. We demonstrated that premature infants have smaller volume for the right hippocampi, while no difference was observed for the left hippocampi. Lower thickness was observed in the hippocampal head in both hemispheres for preterm neonates compared to full-term peers, while an accelerated hippocampal thickness growth rate was found in left hippocampus only. Structural covariance analysis demonstrated that in premature infants, the structural covariance between hippocampi and limbic lobe were severely impaired compared to healthy term neonates only in left hemisphere. These data suggest that the development of the hippocampus during the third trimester may be altered following early extrauterine exposure, with high degree of asymmetry. These findings suggested that the hippocampus shows high degree of vulnerability, particularly asymmetrical vulnerability or plasticity, in preterm neonates at the term-born equivalent age compared to full-term healthy controls.

Neurotoxicity of Hexachlorophene in the Human: I. A Clinicopathologic Study of 248 Children

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 689-695
Author(s):  
Robert M. Shuman ◽  
Richard W. Leech ◽  
Ellsworth C. Alvord
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Experimental Animals ◽  
Clinicopathologic Study ◽  
Neurotoxic Effects ◽  
Sick Children

To assess the susceptibility of human beings to the neurotoxic effects of hexachlorophene demonstrated in experimental animals, a blind clinicopathologic analysis was made of 248 children coming to autopsy over a 7.5-year period in the two Seattle institutions to which practically all premature or sick children are referred. Repeated whole-body bathing of premature newborn infants in 3% hexachlorophene-bearing soap (undiluted pHisoHex) is associated with a vacuolar encephalopathy of the brainstem reticular formation. The prevalence of the vacuolar encephalopathy appears to be related to the number of exposures to hexachlorophene, to the concentration of hexachiorophene, to the birth weight (gestational age), to the length of survival and to the thoroughness of rinsing. From these observations we conclude that hexachlorophene should not be used on neonates under 1,400 gm birth weight and should be used only sparingly in full-term neonates with thorough rinsing.

Posterior cricoarytenoid and diaphragm activities during tidal breathing in neonates

1988 ◽  
Vol 64 (5) ◽  
pp. 1968-1978 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. C. Kosch ◽  
A. A. Hutchinson ◽  
J. A. Wozniak ◽  
W. A. Carlo ◽  
A. R. Stark
Keyword(s):  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Tidal Breathing ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Dynamic Maintenance ◽  
Sequential Activation ◽  
Vagal Reflex ◽  
Posterior Cricoarytenoid

To investigate airflow regulation in newborn infants, we recorded airflow, volume, diaphragm (Di), and laryngeal electromyogram (EMG) during spontaneous breathing in eight supine unsedated sleeping full-term neonates. Using an esophageal catheter electrode, we recorded phasic respiratory activity consistent with that of the principal laryngeal abductors, the posterior cricoarytenoids (PCA). Sequential activation of PCA and Di preceded inspiration. PCA activity typically peaked early in inspiration followed by either a decrescendo or tonic EMG activity of variable amplitude during expiration. Expiratory airflow retardation, or braking, accompanied by expiratory prolongation and reduced ventilation, was commonly observed. In some subjects we observed a time interval between PCA onset and a sudden increase in expiratory airflow just before inspiration, suggesting that release of the brake involved an abrupt loss of antagonistic adductor activity. Our findings suggest that airflow in newborn infants is controlled throughout the breathing cycle by the coordinated action of the Di and the reciprocal action of PCA and laryngeal adductor activities. We conclude that braking mechanisms in infants interact with vagal reflex mechanisms that modulate respiratory cycle timing to influence both the dynamic maintenance of end-expiratory lung volume and ventilation.

Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Function in the Preterm Neonate: Effect of Chronologic Age

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (5) ◽  
pp. 675-679
Author(s):  
Shaista S. Usmani ◽  
Jerrold S. Schlessel ◽  
Concepcion G. Sia ◽  
Shahid Kamran ◽  
Shahnaz D. Orner
Keyword(s):  
Gestational Age ◽  
Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte ◽  
Preterm Neonate ◽  
Preterm Neonates ◽  
Term Neonates ◽  
Leukocyte Function ◽  
Pmn Functions ◽  
Gestational Age At Birth ◽  
Normal Adults ◽  
Age At Birth

In this study, effect of chronologic age on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemiluminescence and random and chemotactic motility was evaluated in 38 stable preterm neonates of less than 32 weeks' gestation during the first month of life. Chemiluminescence and random and chemotactic motility of PMNs from preterm neonates were first evaluated at mean postnatal age of 9.8 days and then weekly for an ensuing 21-day period. For comparison, one blood sample was obtained for PMN functions from 14 healthy term neonates younger than 72 hours of age and seven normal adults. On day 1 PMN chemiluminescence and random and chemotactic motility values in preterm neonates were significantly lower (P &lt; .001) compared with those in term neonates and PMN function values of term neonates were significantly lower (P &lt; .001) than those of adults. Although initial PMN chemiluminescence and random and chemotactic motility values in preterm neonates were depressed, subsequent values on days 7, 14, and 21 increased significantly (P &lt; .002). On day 21 (mean postnatal age of 30.8 days) no differences existed in chemiluminescent activity and random motility between preterm and term neonates; chemotactic motility in preterm neonates, however, remained impaired. Mean cumulative age (gestational age at birth plus postnatal age) of preterm neonates on day 21 of study was 32.5 weeks, suggesting that chronologic age has more effect on maturational changes in PMN functions than gestational age.

PHENOBARBITAL IN THE PERINATAL PERIOD

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1969 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 324-327
Author(s):  
John T. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Clinical Relevance ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Cellular Metabolism ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Neonatal Hyperbilirubinemia

Reports have appeared recently which propose the administration of phenobarbital during the perinatal period in order to reduce neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. One investigator also has suggested that phenobarbital was responsible for a decline in the death rate among small newborn infants. Since phenobarbital is known to alter the cellular metabolism of many compounds in addition to bilirubin, a brief review of present knowledge and comments on the possibility of unintentional effects of this drug in the perinatal period are warranted. It must be understood that much of the information on the effects of phenobarbital in animals may eventually have little or no clinical relevance; but, knowledge of the experimental evidence concerning the multisystem action of phenobarbital should help to identify areas of study and surveillance in the human subject.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document