scholarly journals The behavioral effects of gestational and lactational benzo[a]pyrene exposure vary by sex and genotype in mice with differences at the Ahr and Cyp1a2 loci

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda Honaker ◽  
Angela Kyntchev ◽  
Emma Foster ◽  
Katelyn Clough ◽  
Emmanuella Asiedu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spatial Learning And Memory ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Lactational Exposure ◽  
Aryl Hydrocarbon ◽  
Significant Gene ◽  
Neurobehavioral Testing ◽  
Brain And Behavior

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and known carcinogen in the Top 10 on the United States' list of priority pollutants. Humans are exposed through a variety of sources including tobacco smoke, grilled foods and fossil fuel combustion. Recent studies of children exposed to higher levels of PAHs during pregnancy and early life have identified numerous adverse effects on the brain and behavior that persist into school age and adolescence. Our studies were designed to look for genotype and sex differences in susceptibility to gestational and lactational exposure to BaP using a mouse model with allelic differences in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and the xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme CYP1A2. Pregnant dams were exposed to 10 mg/kg/day of BaP in corn oil-soaked cereal or the corn oil vehicle alone from gestational day 10 until weaning at postnatal day 25. Neurobehavioral testing began at P60 using one male and one female per litter. We found main effects of sex, genotype and treatment as well as significant gene x treatment and sex x treatment interactions. BaP-treated female mice had shorter latencies to fall in the Rotarod test. High-affinity AhrbCyp1a2(-/-) mice had greater impairments in Morris water maze. Interestingly, poor-affinity AhrdCyp1a2(-/-) mice also had deficits in spatial learning and memory regardless of treatment. We believe our findings provide future directions in identifying human populations at highest risk of early life BaP exposure, because our model mimics known human variation in our genes of interest. Our studies also highlight the value of testing both males and females in all neurobehavioral studies.

Female sex steroid induced gallbladder epithelium changes and gallstone deposits in female hamsters: TEM and SEM aspects

1993 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 354-355
Author(s):  
S. Karkare ◽  
J. Gilloteaux ◽  
T. R. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
Gallstone Formation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sex Steroid ◽  
Estradiol Valerate ◽  
Surface Epithelium ◽  
Female Sex ◽  
Purina Chow

Approximately 1 million people in the United States alone develop gallstones each year. The incidence is higher in women than in men and the ratio being 4 ≥ 1. A correlation has also been suggested between oral contraceptives and cholelithiasis. In addition, postmenopausal or cancer estrogen therapy has been reported to be a factor responsible for gallstone formation. Female sex hormone receptors have been detected not only in the gallbladder musculature, but also in its epithelium. As a follow up to experiments effectuated in the male and the ovariectomized Syrian hamster, this report shows that, a combination of a low cholesterol diet with female sex steroid treatment contributes to the formation of gallstone-like deposits, while modifying the surface epithelium morphology. Syrian hamsters (F1B strain, BioBreeders, Watertown MA) were housed under 12h light: 12 h dark cycle, at 20 °C, fed Purina chow and water ad libitum. Several duration/treatment groups were studied, but this report will focus on data obtained with the group injected weekly with estradiol valerate (E weekly, s.c. 8-10 μg/100 g.b.w., in corn oil) and with i.m. medroxyprogesterone acetate (DepoProvera Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI; 8-10 mg/100 g.b.w.) for a 3-month period. Other parameters (blood and bile) were also studied but not reported here.

Resilience in Adolescence: Prospective Self Moderates the Association of Early Life Adversity with Psychopathology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Elizabeth Zinn ◽  
Edward Huntley ◽  
Daniel Keating
Keyword(s):  
Behavior Problems ◽  
Identity Formation ◽  
Externalizing Behavior ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Externalizing Behavior Problems ◽  
Developmental Period ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Latent Construct

Introduction. Early life adversity (ELA) can result in negative health-outcomes, including psychopathology. Evidence suggests that adolescence is a critical developmental period for processing ELA. Identity formation, which is crucial to this developmental period, may moderate the effect between ELA and psychopathology. One potential moderating variable associated with identity formation is Prospective Self, a latent construct comprised of future-oriented attitudes and behaviors.Methods. Participants are from the first wave of an ongoing longitudinal study designed to characterize behavioral and cognitive correlates of risk behavior trajectories. A community sample of 10th and 12th grade adolescents (N = 2017, 55% female) were recruited from nine public school districts across eight Southeastern Michigan counties in the United States. Data were collected in schools during school hours or after school via self-report, computer-administered surveys. Structural equation modeling was used in the present study to assess Prospective Self as a latent construct and to evaluate the relationship between ELA, psychopathology, and Prospective Self.Results. Preliminary findings indicated a satisfactory fit for the construct Prospective Self. The predicted negative associations between Prospective Self and psychopathology were found and evidence of moderation was observed for externalizing behavior problems, such that the effects of ELA were lower for individuals with higher levels of Prospective Self. Conclusion. These results support the role of Prospective Self in conferring resilience against externalizing behavior problems associated with ELA among adolescents. Keywords: Adolescence, Adverse Childhood Experiences, Psychopathology, Self-concept, Adolescent Health, Early Life Adversity

scholarly journals Malaria continues to select for sickle cell trait in Central Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (22) ◽  
pp. 7051-7054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Elguero ◽  
Lucrèce M. Délicat-Loembet ◽  
Virginie Rougeron ◽  
Céline Arnathau ◽  
Benjamin Roche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sickle Cell ◽  
Sickle Cell Trait ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
The United States ◽  
Malaria Prevalence ◽  
Current Data ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Health Organization

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a genetic disorder that poses a serious health threat in tropical Africa, which the World Health Organization has declared a public health priority. Its persistence in human populations has been attributed to the resistance it provides to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in its heterozygous state, called sickle cell trait (SCT). Because of migration, SCT is becoming common outside tropical countries: It is now the most important genetic disorder in France, affecting one birth for every 2,400, and one of the most common in the United States. We assess the strength of the association between SCT and malaria, using current data for both SCT and malaria infections. A total of 3,959 blood samples from 195 villages distributed over the entire Republic of Gabon were analyzed. Hemoglobin variants were identified by using HPLCy (HPLC). Infections by three species of Plasmodium were detected by PCR followed by sequencing of a 201-bp fragment of cytochrome b. An increase of 10% in P. falciparum malaria prevalence is associated with an increase by 4.3% of SCT carriers. An increase of 10 y of age is associated with an increase by 5.5% of SCT carriers. Sex is not associated with SCT. These strong associations show that malaria remains a selective factor in current human populations, despite the progress of medicine and the actions undertaken to fight this disease. Our results provide evidence that evolution is still present in humans, although this is sometimes questioned by scientific, political, or religious personalities.

scholarly journals The Infant Gut Resistome is Associated with E. coli and Early-life Exposures

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca M. Lebeaux ◽  
Modupe O. Coker ◽  
Erika F. Dade ◽  
Thomas J. Palys ◽  
Hilary G. Morrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Relative Risk ◽  
Relative Abundance ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Delivery Mode ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Early Life Exposures

Abstract Background: Antibiotic resistance is an increasing threat to human health. The human gut microbiome harbors a collection of bacterial antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) known as the resistome. The factors associated with establishment of the resistome in early life are not well understood and clarifying these factors would inform strategies to decrease antibiotic resistance. We investigated the early-life exposures and taxonomic signatures associated with resistome development over the first year of life in a large, prospective cohort in the United States. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was used to profile both microbial composition and ARGs in stool samples collected at 6 weeks and 1 year of age from infants enrolled in the New Hampshire Birth Cohort Study. Negative binomial regression and statistical modeling was used to examine infant factors such as sex, delivery mode, feeding method, gestational age, antibiotic exposure, and infant gut microbiome composition in relation to the diversity and relative abundance of ARGs.Results: Metagenomic sequencing was performed on paired samples from 195 full term (at least 37 weeks’ gestation) and 15 late preterm (33-36 weeks’ gestation) infants. 6-week samples compared to 1-year samples had 4.37 times (95% CI: 3.54-5.39) the rate of harboring ARGs. The majority of ARGs that were at a greater relative abundance at 6 weeks (chi-squared p < 0.01) worked through the mechanism of antibiotic efflux (i.e., by pumping antibiotics out of the cell). The overall relative abundance of the resistome was strongly correlated with Proteobacteria (Spearman correlation = 78.9%) and specifically E. coli (62.2%) relative abundance in the gut microbiome. Among infant characteristics, delivery mode was most strongly associated with the diversity and relative abundance of ARGs. Infants born via cesarean delivery had a higher risk of harboring unique ARGs [relative risk = 1.12 (95% CI: 0.97 – 1.29)] as well as a having an increased risk for overall ARG relative abundance [relative risk = 1.43 (95% CI: 1.12 – 1.84)] at 1 year compared to infants born vaginally. Additionally, 6 specific ARGs were at a greater relative abundance in infants delivered by cesarean section compared to vaginally delivered infants across both time points. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the developing infant gut resistome may be alterable by early-life exposures. Establishing the extent to which infant characteristics and early-life exposures impact the resistome can ultimately lead to interventions that decrease the transmission of ARGs and thus the possibility of antibiotic resistant life threatening infections.

Dhammaloka before Dhammaloka

2020 ◽  
pp. 25-48
Author(s):  
Alicia Turner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Migrant Worker ◽  
The United States ◽  
Irish Sea ◽  
Buddhist Monk ◽  
Political Skills ◽  
Ethnic Boundaries ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Irish Sea

This chapter discusses the evidence for the early life of the Irishman who was ordained as the Buddhist monk Dhammaloka in Rangoon in 1900, exploring the contradictory accounts he later gave and his multiple aliases. Probably born Laurence Carroll in Dublin in 1856, he worked his way across the Irish Sea and the Atlantic, then crossed the United States as a hobo (migrant worker) before working his way across the Pacific. However, this account leaves over two decades unaccounted for, raising more questions than it answers. The chapter discusses possible explanations and explores the various radical contexts where he might have acquired his undoubted political skills. It notes finally the number of ethnic boundaries he crossed, and concludes that he had probably abandoned exclusive ethnic affiliations long before his ordination as a Buddhist monk.

scholarly journals Family Socioeconomic Status and Early Life Mortality Risk in the United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1382-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Braudt ◽  
Elizabeth M. Lawrence ◽  
Andrea M. Tilstra ◽  
Richard G. Rogers ◽  
Robert A. Hummer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Mortality Risk ◽  
Early Life ◽  
The United States ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status

scholarly journals Determinants of Influenza Mortality Trends: Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Influenza Mortality in the United States, 1959–2016

Demography ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1723-1746 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrique Acosta ◽  
Stacey A. Hallman ◽  
Lisa Y. Dillon ◽  
Nadine Ouellette ◽  
Robert Bourbeau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Cohort Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
The United States ◽  
Birth Cohorts ◽  
Mortality Trends ◽  
Early Life Exposure

Abstract This study examines the roles of age, period, and cohort in influenza mortality trends over the years 1959–2016 in the United States. First, we use Lexis surfaces based on Serfling models to highlight influenza mortality patterns as well as to identify lingering effects of early-life exposure to specific influenza virus subtypes (e.g., H1N1, H3N2). Second, we use age-period-cohort (APC) methods to explore APC linear trends and identify changes in the slope of these trends (contrasts). Our analyses reveal a series of breakpoints where the magnitude and direction of birth cohort trends significantly change, mostly corresponding to years in which important antigenic drifts or shifts took place (i.e., 1947, 1957, 1968, and 1978). Whereas child, youth, and adult influenza mortality appear to be influenced by a combination of cohort- and period-specific factors, reflecting the interaction between the antigenic experience of the population and the evolution of the influenza virus itself, mortality patterns of the elderly appear to be molded by broader cohort factors. The latter would reflect the processes of physiological capital improvement in successive birth cohorts through secular changes in early-life conditions. Antigenic imprinting, cohort morbidity phenotype, and other mechanisms that can generate the observed cohort effects, including the baby boom, are discussed.

Effect of Gasohol on The Rat Liver

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 49-50
Author(s):  
B.A. MacDuff ◽  
A. Singh ◽  
I. Chu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Corn Oil ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Although there are a variety of gasoline ethanol mixtures proposed as neat fuels (ethanol 85% + gasoline 15% = E85; E95) for automobiles, gasohol (gasoline 90% + ethanol 10%) is presently used as a fuel in the United States. The adverse effects, if any, of gasohol ingestion are unknown; effects on the liver of rats administered gasohol are examined in this study.Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats received daily, via gavage, one of the three concentrations of gasohol for 28 days; LD50/20, LD50/100 and LD50/1000, where LD50 = 1.5g ethanol / kg body weight (bw) and 14g gasoline / kg bw. The LD50 was based on that of gasoline, which was obtained from literature value.1 The amount of ethanol added to stock gasohol was only 1/10 its LD50, required to maintain the gasoline ethanol proportion of 9:1. Gasohol was administered in corn oil with total volume 10 ml. Animals that received only corn oil served as controls.

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