scholarly journals Comparing adaptive coding of reward in bipolar I disorder and schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Kaliuzhna ◽  
Matthias Kirschner ◽  
Philippe N Tobler ◽  
Stefan Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
Mental Illnesses ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Adaptive Coding ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay ◽  
The Right ◽  
Neuronal Encoding

Background: Deficits in neural processing of reward have been described in both bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), but it remains unclear to what extent these deficits are caused by similar mechanisms. Efficient reward processing relies on adaptive coding which allows representing large input spans by limited neuronal encoding ranges. Deficits in adaptive coding of reward have previously been observed across the SZ spectrum and correlated with total symptom severity. In the present work we sought to establish whether adaptive coding is similarly affected in patients with BD. Methods: 25 patients with BD, 27 patients with SZ and 25 healthy controls performed a variant of the Monetary Incentive Delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging in two reward range conditions. Results: Adaptive coding was impaired in BD and SZ in the posterior part of the right caudate. In contrast, BD did not show impaired adaptive coding in the anterior caudate and right precentral gyrus/insula, where SZ showed deficits compared to healthy controls. Conclusions: BD patients show adaptive coding deficits, that are similar to those observed in SZ in the right posterior caudate. Adaptive coding in BD appeared more preserved as compared to SZ participants especially in the more anterior part of the right caudate and to a lesser extent also in the right precentral gyrus. Thus, dysfunctional adaptive coding could constitute a fundamental deficit in severe mental illnesses that extends beyond the schizophrenia spectrum.

scholarly journals Hypoconnectivity networks in schizophrenia patients: a voxelwise meta-analysis of rs-fMRI

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Ruiz-Torras ◽  
Oscar Fernández-Vazquez ◽  
Cristina Cañete-Massé ◽  
Maribel Peró-Cebollero ◽  
Joan Guàrdia-Olmos
Keyword(s):  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Superior Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Health States ◽  
The Right ◽  
Work Done

Abstract In the last few years, the field of brain connectivity has focused on identifying biomarkers to describe different health states and to discriminate between patients and healthy controls through the characterization of brain networks. A particularly interesting case, because of the symptoms' severity, is the work done with samples of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. This meta-analysis aims to identify connectivity networks with different activation patterns between people diagnosed with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Therefore, we collected primary studies exploring whole brain connectivity by functional magnetic resonance imaging at rest in patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy people. Thus, we identified 25 high-quality studies that included a total of 1285 people with schizophrenia and 1279 healthy controls. The results indicate hypoactivation in the right precentral gyrus and in the left superior temporal gyrus of people with schizophrenia compared with the control group. These regions have been linked to deficits in gesticulation and the experience of auditory hallucinations in people with schizophrenia. A study of heterogeneity demonstrated that the effect size was influenced by the sample size and type of analysis. These results imply new contributions to the knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment of schizophrenia both clinically and in research.

scholarly journals Neural alterations of fronto-striatal circuitry during reward anticipation in euthymic bipolar disorder

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (15) ◽  
pp. 3187-3198 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Schreiter ◽  
S. Spengler ◽  
A. Willert ◽  
S. Mohnke ◽  
D. Herold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Reward Processing ◽  
The Body ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Reward Anticipation ◽  
Monetary Incentive Delay ◽  
Anterior Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Gains And Losses

BackgroundBipolar disorder (BD), with the hallmark symptoms of elevated and depressed mood, is thought to be characterized by underlying alterations in reward-processing networks. However, to date the neural circuitry underlying abnormal responses during reward processing in BD remains largely unexplored. The aim of this study was to investigate whether euthymic BD is characterized by aberrant ventral striatal (VS) activation patterns and altered connectivity with the prefrontal cortex in response to monetary gains and losses.MethodDuring functional magnetic resonance imaging 20 euthymic BD patients and 20 age-, gender- and intelligence quotient-matched healthy controls completed a monetary incentive delay paradigm, to examine neural processing of reward and loss anticipation. A priori defined regions of interest (ROIs) included the VS and the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC). Psychophysiological interactions (PPIs) between these ROIs were estimated and tested for group differences for reward and loss anticipation separately.ResultsBD participants, relative to healthy controls, displayed decreased activation selectively in the left and right VS during anticipation of reward, but not during loss anticipation. PPI analyses showed decreased functional connectivity between the left VS and aPFC in BD patients compared with healthy controls during reward anticipation.ConclusionsThis is the first study showing decreased VS activity and aberrant connectivity in the reward-processing circuitry in euthymic, medicated BD patients during reward anticipation. Our findings contrast with research supporting a reward hypersensitivity model of BD, and add to the body of literature suggesting that blunted activation of reward processing circuits may be a vulnerability factor for mood disorders.

scholarly journals The cerebellum is associated with 2-year prognosis in patients with high-frequency migraine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Yu Liu ◽  
Pei Lin Lee ◽  
Kun Hsien Chou ◽  
Kuan Lin Lai ◽  
Yen Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Structural Covariance ◽  
Good Outcome ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: The increase of headache frequency is associated with higher headache related disability and lower quality of life in patients with migraine. However, the pathophysiology of migraine progression, persistence, or remission is elusive. The purpose of this study is to identify the brain signatures that are predictive of the long-term outcomes among patients with high-frequency migraine (HFM: 10–30 headache days/month). Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients with HFM and healthy controls and collected their baseline clinical profiles and brain-MRI data at first visit. We longitudinally followed the patients and determined their outcomes at 2-year follow-up. Good outcome was defined as ≥ 50% reduction of baseline headache days and poor outcome was defined as reduction < 50% or frequency increase. Voxel-based morphometry was used to study gray matter volume (GMV), and structural covariance was used to investigate structural connectivity. Results: Among 56 patients with HFM, 37 had good outcome and 19 poor outcome. Compared to the healthy controls (n = 37), patients with poor outcome had decreased GMV over the left posterior cingulate gyrus, and increased GMV over the bilateral cerebellum and the right precentral gyrus. Further, patients with poor outcome had greater GMV over the right and the left cerebella compared to patients with good outcome, and the GMVs of the cerebella were correlated to 2-year headache frequencies (right: r = 0.38, P = 0.005; left: r = 0.35, P = 0.009). Structural connectivity were increased between the cerebellum and the cuneus, the calcarine cortex, and the temporal lobe, respectively, in patients with poor outcome, and was decreased between the cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex in patients with poor outcome. The structural covariance integrities between the right cerebellum and the right cuneus were correlated to 2-year headache frequencies (r = 0.36, P = 0.008). Conclusions: Structural volume and connectivity changes of the cerebellum may underlie headache persistence in patients with HFM.

scholarly journals The cerebellum is associated with 2-year prognosis in patients with high-frequency migraine

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hung Yu Liu ◽  
Pei Lin Lee ◽  
Kun Hsien Chou ◽  
Kuan Lin Lai ◽  
Yen Feng Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Brain Mri ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Structural Covariance ◽  
Good Outcome ◽  
Poor Outcome ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background: The increase of headache frequency is associated with higher headache related disability and lower quality of life in patients with migraine. However, the pathophysiology of migraine progression, persistence, or remission is elusive. The purpose of this study is to identify the brain signatures that are predictive of the long-term outcomes among patients with high-frequency migraine (HFM: 10–30 headache days/month). Methods: We prospectively enrolled patients with HFM and healthy controls and collected their baseline clinical profiles and brain-MRI data at first visit. We longitudinally followed the patients and determined their outcomes at 2-year follow-up. Good outcome was defined as ≥ 50% reduction of baseline headache days and poor outcome was defined as reduction < 50% or frequency increase. Voxel-based morphometry was used to study gray matter volume (GMV), and structural covariance was used to investigate structural connectivity. Results: Among 56 patients with HFM, 37 had good outcome and 19 poor outcome. Compared to the healthy controls (n = 37), patients with poor outcome had decreased GMV over the left posterior cingulate gyrus, and increased GMV over the bilateral cerebellum and the right precentral gyrus. Further, patients with poor outcome had greater GMV over the right and the left cerebella compared to patients with good outcome, and the GMVs of the cerebella were correlated to 2-year headache frequencies (right: r = 0.38, P = 0.005; left: r = 0.35, P = 0.009). Structural connectivity were increased between the cerebellum and the cuneus, the calcarine cortex, and the temporal lobe, respectively, in patients with poor outcome, and was decreased between the cerebellum and the prefrontal cortex in patients with poor outcome. The structural covariance integrities between the right cerebellum and the right cuneus were correlated to 2-year headache frequencies (r = 0.36, P = 0.008). Conclusions: Structural volume and connectivity changes of the cerebellum may underlie headache persistence in patients with HFM.

A scanning electron-microscopic study of the local degeneration of cilia during sexual reproduction in Paramecium

1978 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
T. Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Reproduction ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Complete Disappearance ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Chemically Induced ◽  
The Right ◽  
Local Degeneration ◽  
Scanning Electron

The location and extent of local degeneration of cilia during sexual reproduction of Paramecium was studied using scanning electron microscopy to examine cells undergoing conjugation and autogamy. At some time during the mating reaction, but prior to conjugant pair formation, ciliary degeneration begins at the antero-ventral tip of cells and proceeds posteriorly along the suture. In the anterior part of the cell, degeneration occurs on both sides of the suture, but in the posterior part it is restricted to the right side of the suture. In 5 species of Paramecium examined, degeneration occurred in nearly the same region. No degeneration of cilia is observed in natural autogamy of P. tetraurelia, whereas in chemically induced autogamy of P. caudatum degeneration occurs as in ordinary conjugation. Conjugant pairs never expose any deciliated cell surface except at the postero-ventral tip. The maximum extent of ciliary degeneration is best seen in the chemically induced autogamous cells: 7 kinetics (rows of unit teritories) at the anterior-left, 4 kinetics at the anterior-right, 10 or more kinetics at the posterior-right and the right wall of the vestibule of the mouth. Before complete disappearance of the cilia, many short cilia are observed. This suggests that ciliary degeneration is due to resorption. Degeneration extends more rapidly in cells with stronger mating reactivity. The relations between mating reactivity, ciliary degeneration and nuclear activation are discussed.

Altered effective connectivity of primary visual cortex in primary angle closure glaucoma using Granger causality analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-519
Author(s):  
Fei Jiang ◽  
Jian-Wen Fang ◽  
Yin-Quan Ye ◽  
Yan-Jin Tian ◽  
Xian-Jun Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Angle Closure Glaucoma ◽  
Angle Closure ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Granger Causality Analysis ◽  
Primary Angle Closure ◽  
Primary Angle Closure Glaucoma ◽  
The Right

Background Previous neuroimaging studies demonstrated that primary angle closure glaucoma patients were associated with abnormal intrinsic brain activity in primary visual cortex (V1). Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effective connectivity patterns of V1 in patients with primary angle closure glaucoma. Material and Methods Thirty-seven patients with primary angle closure glaucoma (20 men, 17 women) and 36 healthy controls (20 men, 16 women) closely matched for age, sex, and education, underwent resting-state MRI scans. A voxel-wise Granger causality analysis method was performed to explore different effective connectivity pattern of V1 between the two groups. Results Compared with healthy controls, patients with primary angle closure glaucoma showed decreased effective connectivity from the left V1 to left cuneus and increased effective connectivity from the left V1 to left precentral gyrus and right supplementary motor area. Meanwhile, patients with primary angle closure glaucoma showed decreased effective connectivity from left precentral gyrus to left V1 and right frontal middle gyrus to left V1. In addition, patients with primary angle closure glaucoma showed a decreased effective connectivity from the right V1 to left cuneus/calcarine and increased effective connectivity from the right V1 to left inferior frontal gyrus and right caudate. Meanwhile, patients with primary angle closure glaucoma showed decreased effective connectivity from right middle frontal gyrus/precentral gyrus to right V1 and left precentral gyrus to right V1. Conclusion Our results highlighted that patients with primary angle closure glaucoma had abnormal effective connectivity between V1 and higher visual area, motor cortices, somatosensory cortices, and frontal lobe, which indicated that they might present with abnormal top-down modulations, visual imagery, vision-motor function, and vision-related higher cognition function.

scholarly journals Encephalometry on the medial face of the human brain hemisphere: a necropsy study

2005 ◽  
Vol 63 (2b) ◽  
pp. 430-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula J. Ribeiro ◽  
Serafim V. Cricenti V. ◽  
Carmen L.P. Lancellotti
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Callosum ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Frontal Cortex ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Average Distance ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Cerebral Hemispheres ◽  
Frontal Pole ◽  
Occipital Pole ◽  
The Right

This study aims to evaluate the dimensions of the human brain, specifically in the frontal cortex, helping the analysis of neuroimaging. A form was made to register and describe encephalic measurements and 81 cerebral hemispheres (CH) were analyzed. Male individuals showed larger CH length; wider superior frontal gyrus in the right CH; bigger encephalic weight and corpus callosum (CC) width. The proportion of measurement from the frontal pole to the most anterior part of the CC genu, related to the CH length gets smaller with aging, whereas the average distance from the most posterior part of the splenum of the CC to the occipital pole was bigger in both male CHs and there was a tendency of decrease in this difference with aging.

Multiple spinal and cranial dural arteriovenous fistulas

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 113-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jai Jai Shiva Shankar ◽  
Timo Krings ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Superior Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Transverse Sinus ◽  
Venous Reflux ◽  
Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
Sagittal Sinus ◽  
Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas ◽  
Cortical Venous Reflux ◽  
The Right

Synchronous multiplicity of cranial and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (DAVFs) is known but uncommon. The authors report on a patient with the unusual finding of multiple cranial and multiple separate spinal DAVFs. The patient initially presented with vague visual symptoms in 2004. A cranial DAVF was identified along the left transverse sinus with cortical venous reflux and another DAVF was identified along the posterior part of the superior sagittal sinus with no cortical venous reflux. The first DAVF was treated both endovascularly and surgically and the second was left untreated. The follow-up angiogram showed multiple spinal DAVFs at the levels of C-1, C-2, and C-6 on the left side and at the C-3 level on the right side along with another cranial DAVF along the anterior part of the superior sagittal sinus with cortical venous reflux. A retrospective analysis of the digital subtraction angiogram and MR images suggested that the cervical spinal DAVFs were already present in 2004 (6 years previously). Multiple DAVFs, although rare, do exist and it is important to look for any evidence of their presence when evaluating patients with symptoms suggestive of arteriovenous fistulas.

scholarly journals Voxel-Wise Brain-Wide Functional Connectivity Abnormalities in Patients with Primary Blepharospasm at Rest

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Pan Pan ◽  
Shubao Wei ◽  
Huabing Li ◽  
Yangpan Ou ◽  
Feng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Pathophysiological Mechanism ◽  
Precentral Gyrus ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Sensorimotor Network ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
The Right

Background. Primary blepharospasm (BSP) is one of the most common focal dystonia and its pathophysiological mechanism remains unclear. An unbiased method was used in patients with BSP at rest to observe voxel-wise brain-wide functional connectivity (FC) changes. Method. A total of 48 subjects, including 24 untreated patients with BSP and 24 healthy controls, were recruited to undergo functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The method of global-brain FC (GFC) was adopted to analyze the resting-state fMRI data. We designed the support vector machine (SVM) method to determine whether GFC abnormalities could be utilized to distinguish the patients from the controls. Results. Relative to healthy controls, patients with BSP showed significantly decreased GFC in the bilateral superior medial prefrontal cortex/anterior cingulate cortex (MPFC/ACC) and increased GFC in the right postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus/paracentral lobule, right superior frontal gyrus (SFG), and left paracentral lobule/supplement motor area (SMA), which were included in the default mode network (DMN) and sensorimotor network. SVM analysis showed that increased GFC values in the right postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus/paracentral lobule could discriminate patients from controls with optimal accuracy, specificity, and sensitivity of 83.33%, 83.33%, and 83.33%, respectively. Conclusion. This study suggested that abnormal GFC in the brain areas associated with sensorimotor network and DMN might underlie the pathophysiology of BSP, which provided a new perspective to understand BSP. GFC in the right postcentral gyrus/precentral gyrus/paracentral lobule might be utilized as a latent biomarker to differentiate patients with BSP from controls.

scholarly journals Critical area for memory decline after mesial temporal resection in epilepsy patients

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dahye Kim ◽  
June Sic Kim ◽  
Woorim Jeong ◽  
Min-Sup Shin ◽  
Chun Kee Chung
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Part ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Posterior Part ◽  
Temporal Area ◽  
Delayed Recall ◽  
Memory Decline ◽  
Immediate Recall ◽  
Left Hippocampus ◽  
The Right ◽  
Parahippocampal Area

OBJECTIVEMesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE) surgery is associated with a risk of memory decline after surgery, but the effect of the extent and locus of temporal resection on postoperative memory function are controversial. The authors’ aim in this study was to confirm if selective resection is effective in preserving memory function and identify critical areas for specific memory decline after temporal resection.METHODSIn this single-center retrospective study, the authors investigated data from patients who underwent unilateral MTLE surgery between 2005 and 2015. Data from 74 MTLE patients (60.8% of whom were female; mean [SD] age at surgery 32 years [8.91 years] and duration of epilepsy 16 years [9.65 years]) with histologically proven hippocampal sclerosis were included. Forty-two patients underwent left-sided surgery. The resection area was manually delineated on each patient’s postoperative T1-weighted images. Mapping was performed to see if the resected group, compared with the nonresected group, had worse postoperative memory in various memory domains, including verbal item, verbal associative, and figural memory.RESULTSOverall, 95.9% had a favorable epilepsy outcome. In verbal item memory, resection of the left lateral temporal area was related to postoperative decline in immediate and delayed recall scores of word lists. In verbal associative memory, resection of the anterior part of the left hippocampus, left parahippocampal area, and left lateral temporal area was related to postoperative decline in immediate recall scores of word pairs. Resection of the posterior part of the left hippocampus, left parahippocampal area, and left lateral temporal area was related to delayed recall scores of the same task. Similarly, in the figural memory, postoperative decline of immediate recall scores was associated with the resection of the anterior part of the right hippocampus, amygdala, parahippocampal area, and superior temporal area, and decline of delayed recall scores was related to resection of the posterior part of the right hippocampus and parahippocampal area.CONCLUSIONSUsing voxel-based analysis, which accounts for the individual differences in the resection, the authors found a critical region for postoperative memory decline that is not revealed in the region-of-interest or groupwise comparison. Particularly, resection of the hippocampus was related to associative memory. In both verbal and visual memory, resection of the anterior part of the hippocampus was associated with immediate recall, and resection of the posterior part of the hippocampus was associated with delayed recall. Therefore, the authors’ results suggest that selective resection may be effective in preserving postoperative memory decline.

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