scholarly journals Individual-based modeling of genome evolution in haplodiploid organisms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Pracana ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Robert L. Hammond ◽  
Benjamin C. Haller ◽  
Yannick Wurm
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Source Model ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
Forward Simulation ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Evolution Of Sociality ◽  
Novel Model ◽  
Individual Based Modeling

Ants, bees, wasps, bark beetles, and other species have haploid males and diploid females. Although such haplodiploid species play key ecological roles and are threatened by environmental changes, no general framework exists for simulating their genetic evolution. Here, we use the SLiM simulation environment to build a novel model for individual-based forward simulation of genetic evolution in haplodiploid populations. We compare the fates of adaptive and deleterious mutations and find that selection is more effective in haplodiploid species than in diploid species. Our open-source model will help understand the evolution of sociality and how ecologically important species may adapt to changing environments.

Indigenous Women, Climate Change Impacts, and Collective Action

Hypatia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 599-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kyle Powys Whyte
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Climate Change Adaptation ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Indigenous Women ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Important Species ◽  
And Shifts ◽  
Adaptation And Mitigation

Indigenous peoples must adapt to current and coming climate‐induced environmental changes like sea‐level rise, glacier retreat, and shifts in the ranges of important species. For some indigenous peoples, such changes can disrupt the continuance of the systems of responsibilities that their communities rely on self‐consciously for living lives closely connected to the earth. Within this domain of indigeneity, some indigenous women take seriously the responsibilities that they may perceive they have as members of their communities. For the indigenous women who have such outlooks, responsibilities that they assume in their communities expose them to harms stemming from climate change impacts and other environmental changes. Yet at the same time, their commitment to these responsibilities motivates them to take on leadership positions in efforts at climate change adaptation and mitigation. I show why, at least for some indigenous women, this is an important way of framing the climate change impacts that affect them. I then argue that there is an important implication in this conversation for how we understand the political responsibilities of nonindigenous parties for supporting distinctly indigenous efforts at climate change adaptation and mitigation.

scholarly journals Posidonia oceanica molecular adaptation to the light environment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Procaccini ◽  
Emanuela Dattolo ◽  
Chiara Lauritano ◽  
Miriam Ruocco ◽  
Lazaro Marin-Guirao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Molecular Adaptation ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
The Impact

Seagrass meadows are among the most productive ecosystems, with Posidonia oceanica being the most important species along the Mediterranean coastline. This species forms extensive mono-specific meadows that are extremely sensitive to medium-high levels of disturbance and are being threatened by fast environmental changes caused by global warming and increasing human activities. The impact can either reflect in higher turbidity along the water column and in increased UV radiation, making the light availability one of the most important factors affecting P. oceanica distribution. Plants developed mechanisms of adaptations at multiple levels to track and cope with fluctuations and changes in the light environment. At molecular level, the modulation of gene expression in response to environmental changes allows plants to optimize the utilization of light energy for growth and to prevent damages due to its excess. To detect the relevant molecular adaptation strategies evolved by P. oceanica and to assess the plasticity showed in the acclimation under different light regimes, we are employing studies both in natural and controlled conditions. Here, we describe the differences in photo acclimation of plants living along the bathymetric cline observed in field and in a common garden experiment in mesocosms, after the exposition to contrasting light regimes. Using a transcriptional approach (both RT -qPCR and RNA-seq) coupled with a physiological one, we are also testing potential divergences existing among populations and individuals related to light sensitivity. These data should supply new insights for the management of seagrasses ecosystems, for the development of most successful transplantation strategies and ultimately for conservation of biodiversity of these precious ecosystems.

scholarly journals A World for Reactive Phenotypes

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin Geffroy ◽  
Sébastien Alfonso ◽  
Bastien Sadoul ◽  
Daniel T. Blumstein
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Anthropogenic Disturbances ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Genetic Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Original Habitat ◽  
Evolutionary Consequences

Humans currently occupy all continents and by doing so, modify the environment and create novel threats to many species; a phenomenon known as human-induced rapid environmental changes (HIREC). These growing anthropogenic disturbances represent major and relatively new environmental challenges for many animals, and invariably alter selection on traits adapted to previous environments. Those species that survive often have moved from their original habitat or modified their phenotype through plasticity or genetic evolution. Based on the most recent advances in this research area, we predict that wild individuals with highly plastic capacities, relatively high basal stress level, and that are generally shy—in other words, individuals displaying a reactive phenotype—should better cope with sudden and widespread HIREC than their counterparts' proactive phenotypes. If true, this selective response would have profound ecological and evolutionary consequences and can therefore impact conservation strategies, specifically with respect to managing the distribution and abundance of individuals and maintaining evolutionary potential. These insights may help design adaptive management strategies to maintain genetic variation in the context of HIREC.

Initiativen zum Schutz forstgenetischer Ressourcen | Initiatives for the protection of forest genetic resources

2010 ◽  
Vol 161 (6) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Aristotelis C. Papageorgiou ◽  
Andreas D. Drouzas
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Resources ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Forest Tree ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Forest Genetic ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Forest Genetic Resources

The conservation of genetic diversity is crucial for the maintenance of the adaptability of forest tree populations. Main international and regional initiatives for the conservation of forest genetic resources are presented in this article. Key players at the international level are the FAO and the IUFRO, while at the European level MCPFE and EUFORGEN have been most active. During the last decades, conservation of forest genetic resources has changed its focus, from the maintenance of economically important species, provenances or genes, to the enhancement of the adaptability of forest populations towards future environmental changes. Thus, the conservation of forest genetic resources, besides the activities connected with ex situ collections of reproductive material and tree breeding programmes, involves forest management measures and guidelines and becomes a cross-cutting issue, not only for forestry, but for other economic activities influencing forests as well.

scholarly journals Wild gut microbiomes reveal individuals, species, and location as drivers of variation in two critically endangered tropical birds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Sara Costantini ◽  
Matthew C I Medeiros ◽  
Lisa H Crampton ◽  
Floyd A. Reed
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Hawaiian Honeycreepers

The gut microbiome of an animal has a strong influence on the health, fitness, and behavior of its host, and is thus a critical component of the animal itself. Most research in the microbiome field has focused on human populations and commercially important species. However, researchers are now considering the link between endangered species conservation and the microbiome. In Hawaiʻi, several threats have caused widespread population declines of Hawaiian honeycreepers (subfamily Carduelinae). These threats, and the environmental changes that result, can have a significant effect on the avian gut microbiome and may even lead to disruption of microbial function. However, no previous study has explored the natural patterns of the gut microbiome of a honeycreeper species in the wild. This project used amplicon-based sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to characterize the gut microbiome of two critically endangered species of Hawaiian honeycreepers. The two species differed significantly in both alpha and beta diversity. Intraspecific variation of the gut microbiome among individual birds was a major factor. However, small but significant differences also exist between sampling location and sexes. This baseline knowledge will help inform management decisions for these honeycreeper species both in their native habitats and in captivity.

scholarly journals Substantially adaptive potential in polyploid cyprinid fishes: evidence from biogeographic, phylogenetic and genomic studies

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1920) ◽  
pp. 20193008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xinxin Li ◽  
Baocheng Guo
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Diversification Rate ◽  
Evolutionary Significance ◽  
Mean Annual Temperature ◽  
The Tibetan Plateau ◽  
Polyploid Species ◽  
Adaptive Potential ◽  
Fish Family ◽  
Dead End

Whole genome duplication (WGD) is commonly believed to play key roles in vertebrate evolution. However, nowadays polyploidy exists in a few fish, amphibian and reptile groups only, and seems to be an evolutionary dead end in vertebrates. We investigate the evolutionary significance of polyploidization in Cyprinidae—a fish family that contains more polyploid species than any other vertebrate group—with integrated biogeographic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses. First, polyploid species are found to be significantly frequent in areas of higher altitude and lower mean annual temperature compared with diploid species in Cyprinidae. Second, a polyploidy-related diversification rate shift is observed in Cyprinidae. This increased net diversification rate is only seen in three polyploid lineages, and other polyploid lineages have similar net diversification rate as well as diploid lineages in Cyprinidae. Interestingly, significant ‘lag times’ existed between polyploidization and radiation in Cyprinidae. Multiple polyploid lineages were established approximately 15 Ma through recurrent allopolyploidization events, but the net diversification rate did not start to increase until approximately 5 Ma—long after polyploidization events. Environmental changes associated with the continuous uplift of the Tibetan Plateau and climate change have probably promoted the initial establishment and subsequent radiation of polyploidy in Cyprinidae. Finally, the unique retention of duplicated genes in polyploid cyprinids adapted to harsh environments is found. Taken together, our results suggest that polyploidy in Cyprinidae is far more than an evolutionary dead end, but rather shows substantially adaptive potential. Polyploid cyprinids thus constitute an ideal model system for unveiling largely unexplored consequences of WGD in vertebrates, from genomic evolution to species diversification.

Trends in Harvests of Pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca), Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis), and Northern Pike (Esox lucius) and Associated Environmental Changes in Lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren, 1914–74

1977 ◽  
Vol 34 (10) ◽  
pp. 1720-1724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Rundberg
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Northern Pike ◽  
Esox Lucius ◽  
Community Change ◽  
Eurasian Perch ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Pike Esox Lucius ◽  
Perch Perca Fluviatilis ◽  
Stizostedion Lucioperca

The fish communities in and the trophic states of lakes Mälaren and Hjälmaren have changed gradually since the late 1700s. In both lakes, pikeperch (Stizostedion lucioperca), Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis), and northern pike (Esox lucius) are important species in the recreational and commercial fishery. Pikeperch has increased from an unimportant species to predominance in both lakes. The importance of Eurasian perch however, has decreased markedly. The most likely explanation for these changes is increased cultural eutrophication. Key words: Percidae, pikeperch, Eurasian perch, northern pike, harvests, eutrophication, community change, behavior

scholarly journals Study of Some Morphometric and Meristic Traits of Chirru Snowtrout (Schizothorax esocinus) from River Jhelum, Kashmir, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-32
Author(s):  
Bisma Shafi ◽  
T. H. Shah ◽  
F. A. Bhat ◽  
B. A. Bhat ◽  
A. Abubakr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Condition Factor ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Kashmir Valley ◽  
Meristic Characters ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Morphometric Characters ◽  
Nutritional Needs ◽  
Highly Correlated

A study was conducted to analyze morphological characteristics of a Schizothoracid species: Schizothorax esocinus collected from three sites of river Jhelum in Kashmir. S. esocinus is locally known as “Churru” and forms an important food element of the local population., Schizothorax esocinus is one of the most important species in the genus Schizothorax and it has continued to contribute immensely to the nutritional needs, economic growth and development of the Kashmir valley. Furthermore, this fish is very sensitive to any environmental changes so it acts as bioindicator of aquatic pollution. A total of 180 samples were taken for the study of the morphometric and meristic characters utilzing ethnic fishing gears. Thirteen conventional morphometric characters examined in the present study, showed high co-efficient of determination (R2) values ranging from 0.55 to 0.91 for district Srinagar from 0.56 to 0.92 for district Anantnag, and 0.56 to 0.98 for district Baramulla signifying that the traits were highly correlated to each other. Out of six meristic characters examined, two characters were not remarkably different (p>0.05). The fin formula of S. esocinus was devised as D, I + 5-10, P, I + 7-11, C, I + 15-23, A, I + 3-7, LL, 55-170. This study is purely aimed at studying the morphology and meristics of S. esocinus and not at estimating the length-weight relationship or condition factor.

MEIOTIC CHROMOSOME BEHAVIOR IN TETRAPLOID HYBRIDS BETWEEN SYNTHETIC LOTUS AMPHIDIPLOIDS AND L. CORNICULATUS

1972 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. H. Somaroo ◽  
W. F. Grant
Keyword(s):  
Pollen Fertility ◽  
Meiotic Chromosome ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Strong Tendency ◽  
Preferential Pairing ◽  
Chromosome Behavior ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Fertility Data ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
And Inversion

Meiotic and fertility studies were carried out on 15 different tetraploid hybrids obtained by crossing 11 synthetic amphidiploids with L. corniculatus. The predominance of bivalents m meiocytes of these hybrids indicated that there was a strong tendency for homogametic pairing and that some preferential pairing was taking place between the chromosomes of L. corniculatus. Evidence for affinity between the chromosomes of the diploid species involved in the amphidiploids and L. corniculatus was provided by the presence of multivalent configurations at MI and inversion bridges at AI and AII. The meiotic chromosome behavior in these tetraploid crosses suggests that the most important species in the evolution of L. corniculatus are L. japonicus and L. alpinus. From pollen fertility data, it is considered possible to introduce desirable germplasm from the diploid taxa to the cultivated species by means of amphidiploids.

scholarly journals Posidonia oceanica molecular adaptation to the light environment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Procaccini ◽  
Emanuela Dattolo ◽  
Chiara Lauritano ◽  
Miriam Ruocco ◽  
Lazaro Marin-Guirao
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Posidonia Oceanica ◽  
Light Sensitivity ◽  
Light Environment ◽  
Molecular Adaptation ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Light Regimes ◽  
Seagrass Meadows ◽  
The Impact

Seagrass meadows are among the most productive ecosystems, with Posidonia oceanica being the most important species along the Mediterranean coastline. This species forms extensive mono-specific meadows that are extremely sensitive to medium-high levels of disturbance and are being threatened by fast environmental changes caused by global warming and increasing human activities. The impact can either reflect in higher turbidity along the water column and in increased UV radiation, making the light availability one of the most important factors affecting P. oceanica distribution. Plants developed mechanisms of adaptations at multiple levels to track and cope with fluctuations and changes in the light environment. At molecular level, the modulation of gene expression in response to environmental changes allows plants to optimize the utilization of light energy for growth and to prevent damages due to its excess. To detect the relevant molecular adaptation strategies evolved by P. oceanica and to assess the plasticity showed in the acclimation under different light regimes, we are employing studies both in natural and controlled conditions. Here, we describe the differences in photo acclimation of plants living along the bathymetric cline observed in field and in a common garden experiment in mesocosms, after the exposition to contrasting light regimes. Using a transcriptional approach (both RT -qPCR and RNA-seq) coupled with a physiological one, we are also testing potential divergences existing among populations and individuals related to light sensitivity. These data should supply new insights for the management of seagrasses ecosystems, for the development of most successful transplantation strategies and ultimately for conservation of biodiversity of these precious ecosystems.

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