scholarly journals A temporally resolved, multiplex molecular recorder based on sequential genome editing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhong Choi ◽  
Wei Chen ◽  
Anna Minkina ◽  
Florence M Chardon ◽  
Chase C Suiter ◽  
...  

DNA is naturally well-suited to serve as a digital medium for in vivo molecular recording. However, DNA-based memory devices described to date are constrained in terms of the number of distinct signals that can be concurrently recorded and/or by a failure to capture the precise order of recorded events. Here we describe DNA Ticker Tape, a general system for in vivo molecular recording that largely overcomes these limitations. Blank DNA Ticker Tape consists of a tandem array of partial CRISPR-Cas9 target sites, with all but the first site truncated at their 5' ends, and therefore inactive. Signals of interest are coupled to the expression of specific prime editing guide RNAs. Editing events are insertional, and record the identity of the guide RNA mediating the insertion while also shifting the position of the "write head" by one unit along the tandem array, i.e. sequential genome editing. In this proof-of-concept of DNA Ticker Tape, we demonstrate the recording and decoding of complex event histories or short text messages; evaluate the performance of dozens of orthogonal tapes; and construct "long tape" potentially capable of recording the order of as many as 20 serial events. Finally, we demonstrate how DNA Ticker Tape simplifies the decoding of cell lineage histories.

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (19) ◽  
pp. 10570
Author(s):  
Yuya Kato ◽  
Hirotaka Tabata ◽  
Kumiko Sato ◽  
Mariko Nakamura ◽  
Izumu Saito ◽  
...  

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) chronically infects more than 240 million people worldwide, causing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Genome editing using CRISPR/Cas9 could provide new therapies because it can directly disrupt HBV genomes. However, because HBV genome sequences are highly diverse, the identical target sequence of guide RNA (gRNA), 20 nucleotides in length, is not necessarily present intact in the target HBV DNA in heterogeneous patients. Consequently, possible genome-editing drugs would be effective only for limited numbers of patients. Here, we show that an adenovirus vector (AdV) bearing eight multiplex gRNA expression units could be constructed in one step and amplified to a level sufficient for in vivo study with lack of deletion. Using this AdV, HBV X gene integrated in HepG2 cell chromosome derived from a heterogeneous patient was cleaved at multiple sites and disrupted. Indeed, four targets out of eight could not be cleaved due to sequence mismatches, but the remaining four targets were cleaved, producing irreversible deletions. Accordingly, the diverse X gene was disrupted at more than 90% efficiency. AdV containing eight multiplex gRNA units not only offers multiple knockouts of genes, but could also solve the problems of heterogeneous targets and escape mutants in genome-editing therapy.


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (19) ◽  
pp. eaay9948
Author(s):  
Fei Wang ◽  
Yaya Hao ◽  
Qian Li ◽  
Jiang Li ◽  
Honglu Zhang ◽  
...  

Bacterial CRISPR-Cas9 nucleases have been repurposed as powerful genome editing tools. Whereas engineering guide RNAs or Cas nucleases have proven to improve the efficiency of CRISPR editing, modulation of protospacer-adjacent motif (PAM), indispensable for CRISPR, has been less explored. Here, we develop a DNA origami–based platform to program a PAM antenna microenvironment and address its performance at the single-molecule level with submolecular resolution. To mimic spatially controlled in vivo PAM distribution as may occur in chromatin, we investigate the effect of PAM antennae surrounding target DNA. We find that PAM antennae effectively sensitize the DNA cleavage by recruiting Cas9 molecules. Super-resolution tracking of single single-guide RNA/Cas9s reveals localized translocation of Cas9 among spatially proximal PAMs. We find that the introduction of the PAM antennae effectively modulates the microenvironment for enhanced target cleavage (up to ~50%). These results provide insight into factors that promote more efficient genome editing.


2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suman Kumar Ray ◽  
Sukhes Mukherjee

: Genome editing is an addition, deletion, or replacement of a gene for wiping out or initiating explicit and preferred characters in the genome. Utilizing gene editing tools like CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be accomplished either by gene-based methodology or protein based technology that has been under scrutiny for protracted time wherein physical techniques, viral and non-viral strategies have been utilized together. Transplanting ex vivo CRISPR edited cells empowers screening of single guide RNAs with high-throughput and CRISPR based screening in organoids transplantation to validate cancer cells including colorectal carcinoma in various phases of its development and treatment. CRISPR knockout screens have recognized genes driving an interest in the colon cancer develop hallmarks, outstandingly for the disclosure of drug resistance mechanism in some cancer cell lines with single guide RNA. A benefit of this approach is to deal with genomic screening of CRISPR knockout, disrupts gene expression, rather than the partial knockdown which are frequently accomplished with RNA interference and CRISPR-Cas technology. Due to its proficient editing of the target gene, along with CRISPR/Cas system, this technique is used in the treatment of diverse types of cancer. In recent time research showed that CRISPR/Cas gene editing tool potentially reformed expression of long non-coding RNA in colorectal carcinoma. CRISPR/Cas9 technology will positively fuel the advancement of further in vivo gene editing clinical trials in colon cancer for forthcoming days and will have an immense impact in molecular medicine.


Author(s):  
Eugene V. Gasanov ◽  
Justyna Jędrychowska ◽  
Michal Pastor ◽  
Malgorzata Wiweger ◽  
Axel Methner ◽  
...  

AbstractCurrent methods of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated site-specific mutagenesis create deletions and small insertions at the target site which are repaired by imprecise non-homologous end-joining. Targeting of the Cas9 nuclease relies on a short guide RNA (gRNA) corresponding to the genome sequence approximately at the intended site of intervention. We here propose an improved version of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing that relies on two complementary guide RNAs instead of one. Two guide RNAs delimit the intervention site and allow the precise deletion of several nucleotides at the target site. As proof of concept, we generated heterozygous deletion mutants of the kcng4b, gdap1, and ghitm genes in the zebrafish Danio rerio using this method. A further analysis by high-resolution DNA melting demonstrated a high efficiency and a low background of unpredicted mutations. The use of two complementary gRNAs improves CRISPR-Cas9 specificity and allows the creation of predictable and precise mutations in the genome of D. rerio.


Author(s):  
К.С. Кочергин-Никитский ◽  
А.В. Лавров ◽  
Е.В. Заклязьминская ◽  
С.А. Смирнихина

Наследственные кардиомиопатии характеризуются неблагоприятным прогнозом и низкой пятилетней выживаемостью пациентов с выраженной клиникой. При этом лечение, за исключением хирургического, в основном паллиативное, во многих случаях лишь трансплантация сердца может улучшить состояние пациента и прогноз. Часть наследственных кардиомиопатий ассоциирована с аутосомно-доминантными мутациями в гене DES, кодирующем белок промежуточных филаментов десмин, дефекты в котором ведут к развитию десминопатий с вовлечением наиболее активно работающих мышц - скелетных, миокарда, мышц дыхательной системы. Новые терапевтические подходы, основанные на методах геномного редактирования, могут позволить устранить каузативный генетический дефект. Так как имеются данные об отсутствии клинических симптомов у людей с гетерозиготными нонсенс мутациями в гене DES, по-видимому, имеется возможность снизить тяжесть протекания десминопатий путем нокаута мутантного аллеля в случае гетерозиготной мутации. Целью работы являлась проверка возможности специфического нокаута аллелей гена DES, несущих гетерозиготные мутации, ассоциированные с десминопатиями, методами геномного редактирования. Нами был получен генетический материал трех пациентов с десминопатиями, связанными с мутациями в гене DES (c.330_338del, p.A337P (c.1009G>C) и p.R355P (c.1064G>C)). Направляющие РНК, совместимые с нуклеазами SaCas9 и eSpCas9(1.1), были подобраны, используя онлайн сервис Benchling, и клонированы в плазмиды, несущие соответствующие эндонуклеазы Cas9. Редактирующие плазмиды котрансфицировали в клетки HEK293T вместе с «таргетными» плазмидами, содержащими участки гена DES с мутациями. Анализ характерных для негомологичного соединения концов инделов в выделенной из клеток спустя 48 часов после трансфекции тотальной ДНК проводился посредством TIDE-анализа полученных сиквенсов целевых участков, либо методом Т7Е1 анализа. Наибольшая средняя эффективность 2,22% (до 8,06%) показана при использовании sgRNA на мутацию c.330_338del в комбинации с eSpCas9(1.1). Эффективность других комбинаций направляющих РНК и Cas9 не превышала 3%. Достигнутая эффективность нокаута очевидно недостаточна для коррекции десминопатии на уровне организма. Необходимость специфического нокаутирования мутантных аллелей не позволяет использовать другие направляющие РНК для CRISPR/Cas9, поэтому необходимо совершенствование разработанных систем для повышения их эффективности либо использование новых, более эффективных, направляемых нуклеаз. Hereditary cardiomyopathies are characterized by the generally poor prognosis and low 5-year survival of patients with severe symptoms. Besides surgical approaches, cardiomyopathy therapy mainly palliative and often heart transplantation is the only option to improve patient state and prognosis. Some of these pathologies are associated with the autosomal-dominant DES gene mutations. DES encodes intermediate filaments protein desmin, which defects causes desminopathies involving most active muscles such as skeletal muscles, myocardium and respiratory muscles. New therapeutic based on genome editing approaches could be used to correct causative genetic defect. There are data that heterozygous nonsense mutations in DES gene may be asymptomatic. Thus there is, apparently, a possibility to decrease severity of desminopathy using mutant allele knockout. Purpose. The aim of this work was to test the possibility of specific knockout of the DES gene alleles with heterozygous desminopathy-associated mutations by means of genome editing methods. Materials. We received genetic materials of three patients with desminopathy caused by DES gene mutations (c.330_338del, p.A337P (c.1009G>C) и p.R355P (c.1064G>C)). Guide RNA, compatible with nucleases SaCas9 and eSpCas9(1.1) were designed using online service Benchling and cloned into plasmids with corresponding Cas9 nucleases. Editing plasmids were cotransfected into HEK293T cells with “target” plasmids, containing DES gene sites with mutations. NHEJ-produced indels were assessed using TIDE-analysis with amplified and sequenced sites or using T7E1 analysis. Results. Combination sgRNA for c.330_338del with eSpCas9(1.1) demonstrated most mean efficiency of 2,22% (up to 8,06%). Others combinations of sgRNAs and Cas9 efficiency did not overcome 3%. Conclusions. Achieved knockout efficiency is evidently not enough for organism-level desminopathy correction. The need for specific knockout of mutated alleles does not allow usage of different guide RNAs for CRISPR/Cas9, so it is necessary to improve the developed systems to increase their efficiency or to use new, more efficient, targeted nucleases.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian Hahn ◽  
Andrey Korolev ◽  
Laura Sanjurjo Loures ◽  
Vladimir Nekrasov

AbstractBackgroundCRISPR/Cas has recently become a widely used genome editing tool in various organisms, including plants. Applying CRISPR/Cas often requires delivering multiple expression units into plant and hence there is a need for a quick and easy cloning procedure. The modular cloning (MoClo), based on the Golden Gate (GG) method, has enabled development of cloning systems with standardised genetic parts, e.g. promoters, coding sequences or terminators, that can be easily interchanged and assembled into expression units, which in their own turn can be further assembled into higher order multigene constructs.ResultsHere we present an expanded cloning toolkit that contains ninety-nine modules encoding a variety of CRISPR/Cas-based nucleases and their corresponding guide RNA backbones. Among other components, the toolkit includes a number of promoters that allow expression of CRISPR/Cas nucleases (or any other coding sequences) and their guide RNAs in monocots and dicots. As part of the toolkit, we present a set of modules that enable quick and facile assembly of tRNA-sgRNA polycistronic units without a PCR step involved. We also demonstrate that our tRNA-sgRNA system is functional in wheat protoplasts.ConclusionsWe believe the presented CRISPR/Cas toolkit is a great resource that will contribute towards wider adoption of the CRISPR/Cas genome editing technology and modular cloning by researchers across the plant science community.


mBio ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiwei Hu ◽  
Yannan Wang ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Yan Qiu ◽  
Zhiyu Zhong ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT Base editing is a powerful genome editing approach that enables single-nucleotide changes without double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs). However, off-target effects as well as other undesired editings at on-target sites remain obstacles for its application. Here, we report that bubble hairpin single guide RNAs (BH-sgRNAs), which contain a hairpin structure with a bubble region on the 5′ end of the guide sequence, can be efficiently applied to both cytosine base editor (CBE) and adenine base editor (ABE) and significantly decrease off-target editing without sacrificing on-target editing efficiency. Meanwhile, such a design also improves the purity of C-to-T conversions induced by base editor 3 (BE3) at on-target sites. Our results present a distinctive and effective strategy to improve the specificity of base editing. IMPORTANCE Base editors are DSB-free genome editing tools and have been widely used in diverse living systems. However, it is reported that these tools can cause substantial off-target editings. To meet this challenge, we developed a new approach to improve the specificity of base editors by using hairpin sgRNAs with a bubble. Furthermore, our sgRNA design also dramatically reduced indels and unwanted base substitutions at on-target sites. We believe that the BH-sgRNA design is a significant improvement over existing sgRNAs of base editors, and our design promises to be adaptable to various base editors. We expect that it will make contributions to improving the safety of gene therapy.


2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmudur Rahman Hera ◽  
Amatur Rahman ◽  
Atif Rahman

AbstractGenome editing using the CRISPR/Cas9 system requires designing guide RNAs (sgRNA) that are efficient and specific. Guide RNAs are usually designed using reference genomes which limits their use in organisms with no or incomplete reference genomes. Here, we present kRISP-meR, a reference free method to design sgRNAs for CRISPR/Cas9 system. kRISP-meR takes as input a target region and sequenced reads from the organism to be edited and generates sgRNAs that are likely to minimize off-target effects. Our analysis indicates that kRISP-meR is able to identify majority of the guides identified by a widely used sgRNA designing tool, without any knowledge of the reference, while retaining specificity.


2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (38) ◽  
pp. 9351-9358 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Yarrington ◽  
Surbhi Verma ◽  
Shaina Schwartz ◽  
Jonathan K. Trautman ◽  
Dana Carroll

Genome editing with CRISPR-Cas nucleases has been applied successfully to a wide range of cells and organisms. There is, however, considerable variation in the efficiency of cleavage and outcomes at different genomic targets, even within the same cell type. Some of this variability is likely due to the inherent quality of the interaction between the guide RNA and the target sequence, but some may also reflect the relative accessibility of the target. We investigated the influence of chromatin structure, particularly the presence or absence of nucleosomes, on cleavage by the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein. At multiple target sequences in two promoters in the yeast genome, we find that Cas9 cleavage is strongly inhibited when the DNA target is within a nucleosome. This inhibition is relieved when nucleosomes are depleted. Remarkably, the same is not true of zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), which cleave equally well at nucleosome-occupied and nucleosome-depleted sites. These results have implications for the choice of specific targets for genome editing, both in research and in clinical and other practical applications.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanjie Luo ◽  
Ren Na ◽  
Julia S. Nowak ◽  
Yang Qiu ◽  
Qing Shi Lu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background A key issue for implementation of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing for plant trait improvement and gene function analysis is to efficiently deliver the components, including guide RNAs (gRNAs) and Cas9, into plants. Plant virus-based gRNA delivery strategy has proven to be an important tool for genome editing. However, its application in soybean which is an important crop has not been reported yet. ALSV (apple latent spherical virus) is highly infectious virus and could be explored for delivering elements for genome editing. Results To develop a ALSV-based gRNA delivery system, the Cas9-based Csy4-processed ALSV Carry (CCAC) system was developed. In this system, we engineered the soybean-infecting ALSV to carry and deliver gRNA(s). The endoribonuclease Csy4 effectively releases gRNAs that function efficiently in Cas9-mediated genome editing. Genome editing of endogenous phytoene desaturase (PDS) loci and exogenous 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) sequence in Nicotiana. benthamiana (N. benthamiana) through CCAC was confirmed using Sanger sequencing. Furthermore, CCAC-induced mutagenesis in two soybean endogenous GW2 paralogs was detected. Conclusions With the aid of the CCAC system, the target-specific gRNA(s) can be easily manipulated and efficiently delivered into soybean plant cells by viral infection. This is the first virus-based gRNA delivery system for soybean for genome editing and can be used for gene function study and trait improvement.


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