scholarly journals A synthetic distributed genetic multi-bit counter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianchi Chen ◽  
Muhammad Ali Al-Radhawi ◽  
Christopher Voigt ◽  
Eduardo Sontag
Keyword(s):  
Finite Automaton ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Distributed Computation ◽  
Specialized Cell ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Resource Limitations ◽  
Optimization Framework

A design for genetically-encoded counters is proposed via repressor-based circuits. An N-bit counter reads sequences of input pulses and displays the total number of pulses, modulo 2^N. The design is based on distributed computation, with specialized cell types allocated to specific tasks. This allows scalability and bypasses constraints on the maximal number of circuit genes per cell due to toxicity or failures due to resource limitations. The design starts with a single-bit counter. The N-bit counter is then obtained by interconnecting (using diffusible chemicals) a set of N single-bit counters and connector modules. An optimization framework is used to determine appropriate gate parameters and to compute bounds on admissible pulse widths and relaxation (inter-pulse) times, as well as to guide the construction of novel gates. This work can be viewed as a step toward obtaining circuits that are capable of finite-automaton computation, in analogy to digital central processing units.

scholarly journals The secretory pathway at 50: a golden anniversary for some momentous grains of silver

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl S. Matlin ◽  
Michael J. Caplan
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Proteins ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dynamic Nature ◽  
Specialized Cell ◽  
Central Paradigm ◽  
Biosynthetic Machinery

The secretory pathway along which newly synthesized secretory and membrane proteins traffic through the cell was revealed in two articles published 50 years ago. This discovery was the culmination of decades of effort to unite the power of biochemical and morphological methodologies in order to elucidate the dynamic nature of the cell’s biosynthetic machinery. The secretory pathway remains a central paradigm of modern cell biology. Its elucidation 50 years ago inspired tremendous multidisciplinary and on-going efforts to understand the machinery that makes it run, the adaptations that permit it to serve the needs of specialized cell types, and the pathological consequences that arise when it is perturbed.

A Zenopus multifinger protein, Xfin, is expressed in specialized cell types and is localized in the cytoplasm

1991 ◽  
Vol 36 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefania De Lucchini ◽  
Filippo M. Rijli ◽  
Gennaro Ciliberto ◽  
Giuseppina Barsacchi
Keyword(s):  
Cell Types ◽  
Specialized Cell

scholarly journals Central processing of leg proprioception in Drosophila

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweta Agrawal ◽  
Evyn S Dickinson ◽  
Anne Sustar ◽  
Pralaksha Gurung ◽  
David Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Joint Angle ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Proprioceptive Information ◽  
Central Processing ◽  
Directional Movement ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Limb Posture ◽  
To Receive

AbstractProprioception, the sense of self-movement and position, is mediated by mechanosensory neurons that detect diverse features of body kinematics. Although proprioceptive feedback is crucial for accurate motor control, little is known about how downstream circuits transform limb sensory information to guide motor output. Here, we investigate neural circuits in Drosophila that process proprioceptive information from the fly leg. We identify three cell-types from distinct developmental lineages that are positioned to receive input from proprioceptor subtypes encoding tibia position, movement, and vibration. 13Bα neurons encode femur-tibia joint angle and mediate postural changes in tibia position. 9Aα neurons also drive changes in leg posture, but encode a combination of directional movement, high frequency vibration, and joint angle. Activating 10Bα neurons, which encode tibia vibration at specific joint angles, elicits pausing in walking flies. Altogether, our results reveal that central circuits integrate information across proprioceptor subtypes to construct complex sensorimotor representations that mediate diverse behaviors, including reflexive control of limb posture and detection of leg vibration.

scholarly journals Consistent cross-modal identification of cortical neurons with coupled autoencoders

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rohan Gala ◽  
Agata Budzillo ◽  
Fahimeh Baftizadeh ◽  
Jeremy Miller ◽  
Nathan Gouwens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Modal Identification ◽  
Large Patch ◽  
Multimodal Data ◽  
Optimization Framework ◽  
Data Prediction ◽  
Cortical Interneurons ◽  
Assignment Analysis

AbstractConsistent identification of neurons and neuronal cell types across different observation modalities is an important problem in neuroscience. Here, we present an optimization framework to learn coordinated representations of multimodal data, and apply it to a large Patch-seq dataset of mouse cortical interneurons. Our approach reveals strong alignment between transcriptomic and electrophysiological profiles of neurons, enables accurate cross-modal data prediction, and identifies cell types that are consistent across modalities.HighlightsCoupled autoencoders for multimodal assignment, Analysis of Patch-seq data consisting of more than 3000 cells

scholarly journals The prevalence and origin of exoprotease-producing cells in the Bacillus subtilis biofilm

Microbiology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 160 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Marlow ◽  
Francesca R. Cianfanelli ◽  
Michael Porter ◽  
Lynne S. Cairns ◽  
J. Kim Dale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Single Cell Analysis ◽  
Response Regulator ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cell Analysis ◽  
Swarming Motility ◽  
Specialized Cell ◽  
Differentiated Cells ◽  
First Time

Biofilm formation by the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis is tightly controlled at the level of transcription. The biofilm contains specialized cell types that arise from controlled differentiation of the resident isogenic bacteria. DegU is a response regulator that controls several social behaviours exhibited by B. subtilis including swarming motility, biofilm formation and extracellular protease (exoprotease) production. Here, for the first time, we examine the prevalence and origin of exoprotease-producing cells within the biofilm. This was accomplished using single-cell analysis techniques including flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. We established that the number of exoprotease-producing cells increases as the biofilm matures. This is reflected by both an increase at the level of transcription and an increase in exoprotease activity over time. We go on to demonstrate that exoprotease-producing cells arise from more than one cell type, namely matrix-producing and non-matrix-producing cells. In toto these findings allow us to add exoprotease-producing cells to the list of specialized cell types that are derived during B. subtilis biofilm formation and furthermore the data highlight the plasticity in the origin of differentiated cells.

Specialized cell types in the human fetal small intestine

1978 ◽  
Vol 191 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pamela Colony Moxey ◽  
Jerry S. Trier
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specialized Cell

scholarly journals Taking the brakes off telomerase

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamila Naxerova ◽  
Stephen J Elledge
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Human Embryonic Stem Cells ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specialized Cell ◽  
Common Cancer

Studies using human embryonic stem cells have revealed how common cancer-associated mutations exert their effect on telomerase after cells differentiate into more specialized cell types.

Focusing on spindle poles

1998 ◽  
Vol 111 (11) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.A. Compton
Keyword(s):  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Microtubule Nucleation ◽  
Specialized Cell ◽  
Spindle Poles ◽  
Meiotic Spindles ◽  
Centrosomal Proteins

Spindle poles are discernible by light microscopy as the sites where microtubules converge at the ends of both mitotic and meiotic spindles. In most cell types centrosomes are present at spindle poles due to their dominant role in microtubule nucleation. However, in some specialized cell types microtubules converge into spindle poles in the absence of centrosomes. Thus, spindle poles in centrosomal and acentrosomal cell types are structurally different, and it is this structural dichotomy that has created confusion as to the mechanism by which microtubules are organized into spindle poles. This review summarizes a series of recent articles that begin to resolve this confusion by demonstrating that spindle poles are organized through a common mechanism by a conserved group of non-centrosomal proteins in the presence or absence of centrosomes.

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