scholarly journals Emotion Dynamics as Hierarchical Bayesian Inference in Time

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gargi Majumdar ◽  
Fahd Yazin ◽  
Arpan Banerjee ◽  
Dipanjan Roy
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Fundamental Property ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Biologically Relevant ◽  
Complex Emotions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Hierarchical Bayesian Inference

What fundamental property of our environment would be most valuable and optimal in characterizing the emotional dynamics we experience in our daily life? Empirical work has shown that an accurate estimation of uncertainty is necessary for our optimal perception, learning, and decision-making. However, the role of this uncertainty in governing our affective dynamics remains unexplored. Using Bayesian encoding, decoding and computational modelling, we show that emotional experiences naturally arise due to ongoing uncertainty estimations in a hierarchical neural architecture. This hierarchical organization involves a number of prefrontal sub-regions, with the lateral orbitofrontal cortex having the highest representational complexity of uncertainty. Crucially, this representational complexity, was sensitive to temporal fluctuations in uncertainty and was predictive of participants predisposition to anxiety. Furthermore, the temporal dynamics of uncertainty revealed a distinct functional double dissociation within the OFC. Specifically, the medial OFC showed higher connectivity with the DMN, while the lateral OFC with that of the FPN in response to the evolving affect. Finally, we uncovered a temporally predictive code updating individual beliefs swiftly in the face of fluctuating uncertainty in the lateral OFC. A biologically relevant and computationally crucial parameter in theories of brain function, we extend uncertainty to be a defining component of complex emotions.

scholarly journals MEG signatures of long-term effects of agreement and disagreement with the majority

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Gorin ◽  
V. Klucharev ◽  
A. Ossadtchi ◽  
I. Zubarev ◽  
V. Moiseeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Social Influence ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Peer Group ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Source Imaging ◽  
The Face ◽  
First Session

AbstractPeople often change their beliefs by succumbing to an opinion of others. Such changes are often referred to as effects of social influence. While some previous studies have focused on the reinforcement learning mechanisms of social influence or on its internalization, others have reported evidence of changes in sensory processing evoked by social influence of peer groups. In this study, we used magnetoencephalographic (MEG) source imaging to further investigate the long-term effects of agreement and disagreement with the peer group. The study was composed of two sessions. During the first session, participants rated the trustworthiness of faces and subsequently learned group rating of each face. In the first session, a neural marker of an immediate mismatch between individual and group opinions was found in the posterior cingulate cortex, an area involved in conflict-monitoring and reinforcement learning. To identify the neural correlates of the long-lasting effect of the group opinion, we analysed MEG activity while participants rated faces during the second session. We found MEG traces of past disagreement or agreement with the peers at the parietal cortices 230 ms after the face onset. The neural activity of the superior parietal lobule, intraparietal sulcus, and precuneus was significantly stronger when the participant’s rating had previously differed from the ratings of the peers. The early MEG correlates of disagreement with the majority were followed by activity in the orbitofrontal cortex 320 ms after the face onset. Altogether, the results reveal the temporal dynamics of the neural mechanism of long-term effects of disagreement with the peer group: early signatures of modified face processing were followed by later markers of long-term social influence on the valuation process at the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.

scholarly journals Poisson's ratio over two centuries: challenging hypotheses

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Neville Greaves
Keyword(s):  
Poisson’S Ratio ◽  
Materials Science ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Computational Modelling ◽  
Poisson's Ratio ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Scientific Advance ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
The Face ◽  
Materials Science And Engineering

This article explores Poisson's ratio, starting with the controversy concerning its magnitude and uniqueness in the context of the molecular and continuum hypotheses competing in the development of elasticity theory in the nineteenth century, moving on to its place in the development of materials science and engineering in the twentieth century, and concluding with its recent re-emergence as a universal metric for the mechanical performance of materials on any length scale. During these episodes France lost its scientific pre-eminence as paradigms switched from mathematical to observational, and accurate experiments became the prerequisite for scientific advance. The emergence of the engineering of metals followed, and subsequently the invention of composites—both somewhat separated from the discovery of quantum mechanics and crystallography, and illustrating the bifurcation of technology and science. Nowadays disciplines are reconnecting in the face of new scientific demands. During the past two centuries, though, the shape versus volume concept embedded in Poisson's ratio has remained invariant, but its application has exploded from its origins in describing the elastic response of solids and liquids, into areas such as materials with negative Poisson's ratio, brittleness, glass formation, and a re-evaluation of traditional materials. Moreover, the two contentious hypotheses have been reconciled in their complementarity within the hierarchical structure of materials and through computational modelling.

Differential Characteristics of Face Neuron Responses Within the Anterior Superior Temporal Sulcus of Macaques

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 1252-1266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wania C. De Souza ◽  
Satoshi Eifuku ◽  
Ryoi Tamura ◽  
Hisao Nishijo ◽  
Taketoshi Ono
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Relationship ◽  
Superior Temporal Sulcus ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
Gaze Direction ◽  
Functional Heterogeneity ◽  
Oblique View ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Facial Information ◽  
The Face ◽  
Rostral Region

The anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS) of macaque monkeys is thought to be involved in the analysis of incoming perceptual information for face recognition or identification; face neurons in the anterior STS show tuning to facial views and/or gaze direction in the faces of others. Although it is well known that both the anatomical architecture and the connectivity differ between the rostral and caudal regions of the anterior STS, the functional heterogeneity of these regions is not well understood. We recorded the activity of face neurons in the anterior STS of macaque monkeys during the performance of a face identification task, and we compared the characteristics of face neuron responses in the caudal and rostral regions of the anterior STS. In the caudal region, facial views that elicited optimal responses were distributed among all views tested; the majority of face neurons responded symmetrically to right and left views. In contrast, the face neurons in the rostral region responded optimally to a single oblique view; right-left symmetry among the responses of these neurons was less evident. Modulation of the face neuron responses according to gaze direction was more evident in the rostral region. Some of the face neuron responses were specific to a certain combination of a particular facial view and a particular gaze direction, whereas others were associated with the relative spatial relationship between facial view and gaze direction. Taken together, these results indicated the existence of a functional heterogeneity within the anterior STS and suggested a plausible hierarchical organization of facial information processing.

scholarly journals Vigor in the Face of Fluctuating Rates of Reward: An Experimental Examination

2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (12) ◽  
pp. 3933-3938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Guitart-Masip ◽  
Ulrik R. Beierholm ◽  
Raymond Dolan ◽  
Emrah Duzel ◽  
Peter Dayan
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Average Return ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cost Of Time ◽  
Human Participants

Two fundamental questions underlie the expression of behavior, namely what to do and how vigorously to do it. The former is the topic of an overwhelming wealth of theoretical and empirical work particularly in the fields of reinforcement learning and decision-making, with various forms of affective prediction error playing key roles. Although vigor concerns motivation, and so is the subject of many empirical studies in diverse fields, it has suffered a dearth of computational models. Recently, Niv et al. [Niv, Y., Daw, N. D., Joel, D., & Dayan, P. Tonic dopamine: Opportunity costs and the control of response vigor. Psychopharmacology (Berlin), 191, 507–520, 2007] suggested that vigor should be controlled by the opportunity cost of time, which is itself determined by the average rate of reward. This coupling of reward rate and vigor can be shown to be optimal under the theory of average return reinforcement learning for a particular class of tasks but may also be a more general, perhaps hard-wired, characteristic of the architecture of control. We, therefore, tested the hypothesis that healthy human participants would adjust their RTs on the basis of the average rate of reward. We measured RTs in an odd-ball discrimination task for rewards whose magnitudes varied slowly but systematically. Linear regression on the subjects' individual RTs using the time varying average rate of reward as the regressor of interest, and including nuisance regressors such as the immediate reward in a round and in the preceding round, showed that a significant fraction of the variance in subjects' RTs could indeed be explained by the rate of experienced reward. This validates one of the key proposals associated with the model, illuminating an apparently mandatory form of coupling that may involve tonic levels of dopamine.

scholarly journals Space-time epidemiology and effect of meteorological parameters on influenza-like illness in Phitsanulok, a northern province in Thailand

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakash Madhav Nimbalkar ◽  
Nitin Kumar Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Spatial Association ◽  
Space Time ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Influenza Like Illness

Influenza-like illness (ILI) is an acute respiratory disease that remains a public health concern for its ability to circulate globally affecting any age group and gender causing serious illness with mortality risk. Comprehensive assessment of the spatio-temporal dynamics of ILI is a prerequisite for effective risk assessment and application of control measures. Though meteorological parameters, such as rainfall, average relative humidity and temperature, influence ILI and represent crucial information for control of this disease, the relation between the disease and these variables is not clearly understood in tropical climates. The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiology of ILI cases using integrated methods (space-time analysis, spatial autocorrelation and other correlation statistics). After 2009s H<sub>1</sub>N<sub>1</sub> influenza pandemic, Phitsanulok Province in northern Thailand was strongly affected by ILI for many years. This study is based on ILI cases in villages in this province from 2005 to 2012. We used highly precise weekly incidence records covering eight years, which allowed accurate estimation of the ILI outbreak. Comprehensive methodology was developed to analyse the global and local patterns of the spread of the disease. Significant space-time clusters were detected over the study region during eight different periods. ILI cases showed seasonal clustered patterns with a peak in 2010 (P&gt;0.05-9.999 iterations). Local indicators of spatial association identified hotspots for each year. Statistically, the weather pattern showed a clear influence on ILI cases and it strongly correlated with humidity at a lag of 1 month, while temperature had a weaker correlation.

scholarly journals Theory of mind and mentalizing ability in antisocial personality disorders with and without psychopathy

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. DOLAN ◽  
R. FULLAM
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Antisocial Behaviour ◽  
Antisocial Personality ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Psychopathy Checklist ◽  
Complex Emotions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Personality Disordered ◽  
The Impact

Background. The literature on Theory of Mind (ToM) in antisocial samples is limited despite evidence that the neural substrates of theory of mind task involve the same circuits implicated in the pathogenesis of antisocial behaviour.Method. Eighty-nine male DSM-IV Antisocial Personality Disordered subjects (ASPDs) and 20 controls (matched for age and IQ) completed a battery of ToM tasks. The ASPD group was categorized into psychopathic and non-psychopathic groups based on a cut-off score of 18 on the Psychopathy Checklist: Screening Version.Results. There were no significant group (control v. psychopath v. non-psychopathic ASPD) differences on basic tests of ToM but both psychopathic and non-psychopathic ASPDs performed worse on subtle tests of mentalizing ability (faux pas tasks). ASPDs can detect and understand faux pas, but show an indifference to the impact of faux pas. On the face/eye task non-psychopathic ASPDs showed impairments in the recognition of basic emotions compared with controls and psychopathic ASPDs. For complex emotions, no significant group differences were detected largely due to task difficulty.Conclusions. The deficits in mentalizing ability in ASPD are subtle. For the majority of criminals with ASPD and psychopathy ToM abilities are relatively intact and may have an adaptive function in maintaining a criminal lifestyle. Our findings suggest the key deficits appear to relate more to their lack of concern about the impact on potential victims than the inability to take a victim perspective. The findings tentatively also suggest that ASPDs with neurotic features may be more impaired in mentalizing ability than their low anxious psychopathic counterparts.

scholarly journals Processing of Facial Emotion in Bipolar Depression and Euthymia

2015 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 709-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy J. Robinson ◽  
John M. Gray ◽  
Mike Burt ◽  
I. Nicol Ferrier ◽  
Peter Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
Mood State ◽  
Bipolar Depression ◽  
Facial Emotion ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Basic Emotions ◽  
Complex Emotions ◽  
Dynamic Facial Expressions ◽  
The Face ◽  
Static Images

AbstractPrevious studies of facial emotion processing in bipolar disorder (BD) have reported conflicting findings. In independently conducted studies, we investigate facial emotion labeling in euthymic and depressed BD patients using tasks with static and dynamically morphed images of different emotions displayed at different intensities. Study 1 included 38 euthymic BD patients and 28 controls. Participants completed two tasks: labeling of static images of basic facial emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad) shown at different expression intensities; the Eyes Test (Baron-Cohen, Wheelwright, Hill, Raste, & Plumb, 2001), which involves recognition of complex emotions using only the eye region of the face. Study 2 included 53 depressed BD patients and 47 controls. Participants completed two tasks: labeling of “dynamic” facial expressions of the same five basic emotions; the Emotional Hexagon test (Young, Perret, Calder, Sprengelmeyer, & Ekman, 2002). There were no significant group differences on any measures of emotion perception/labeling, compared to controls. A significant group by intensity interaction was observed in both emotion labeling tasks (euthymia and depression), although this effect did not survive the addition of measures of executive function/psychomotor speed as covariates. Only 2.6–15.8% of euthymic patients and 7.8–13.7% of depressed patients scored below the 10th percentile of the controls for total emotion recognition accuracy. There was no evidence of specific deficits in facial emotion labeling in euthymic or depressed BD patients. Methodological variations—including mood state, sample size, and the cognitive demands of the tasks—may contribute significantly to the variability in findings between studies. (JINS, 2015, 21, 709–721)

Estimation of Dynamic Term Structure Models

2012 ◽  
Vol 02 (02) ◽  
pp. 1250008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory R. Duffee ◽  
Richard H. Stanton
Keyword(s):  
Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Term Structure ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Interest Rate Risk ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Finite Sample ◽  
Term Structure Models ◽  
Finite Sample Properties

We study the finite-sample properties of some of the standard techniques used to estimate modern term structure models. For sample sizes and models similar to those used in most empirical work, we reach three surprising conclusions. First, while maximum likelihood works well for simple models, it produces strongly biased parameter estimates when the model includes a flexible specification of the dynamics of interest rate risk. Second, despite having the same asymptotic efficiency as maximum likelihood, the small-sample performance of Efficient Method of Moments (a commonly used method for estimating complicated models) is unacceptable even in the simplest term structure settings. Third, the linearized Kalman filter is a tractable and reasonably accurate estimation technique, which we recommend in settings where maximum likelihood is impractical.

scholarly journals Inhibition in the face of emotion: Characterization of the spatial-temporal dynamics that facilitate automatic emotion regulation

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (7) ◽  
pp. 2907-2916 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margot J. Taylor ◽  
Amanda Robertson ◽  
Anne E. Keller ◽  
Julie Sato ◽  
Charline Urbain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
The Face ◽  
Automatic Emotion Regulation

scholarly journals Cybersecurity, Bureaucratic Vitalism and European Emergency

2015 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie Simon ◽  
Marieke de Goede
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Hierarchical Organization ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
The Way

Securing the internet has arguably become paradigmatic for modern security practice, not only because modern life is considered to be impossible or valueless if disconnected, but also because emergent cyber-relations and their complex interconnections are refashioning traditional security logics. This paper analyses European modes of governing geared toward securing vital, emergent cyber-systems in the face of the interconnected emergency. It develops the concept of ‘bureaucratic vitalism’ to get at the tension between the hierarchical organization and reductive knowledge frames of security apparatuses on the one hand, and the increasing desire for building ‘resilient’, dispersed, and flexible security assemblages on the other. The bureaucratic/vital juxtaposition seeks to capture the way in which cybersecurity governance takes emergent, complex systems as object and model without fully replicating this ideal in practice. Thus, we are concerned with the question of what happens when security apparatuses appropriate and translate vitalist concepts into practice. Our case renders visible the banal bureaucratic manoeuvres that seek to operate upon security emergencies by fostering connectivities, producing agencies, and staging exercises.

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