scholarly journals Long term analysis of social structure: evidence of age-based consistent associations in Alpine ibex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice Brambilla ◽  
Achaz von Hardenberg ◽  
Cédric Sueur ◽  
Claudia Canedoli ◽  
Christina R Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Needs ◽  
Centrality Measures ◽  
Multi Scale ◽  
Alpine Ibex ◽  
Social Network Dynamics ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
The Social ◽  
Term Analysis

ABSTRACTDespite its recognized importance for understanding the evolution of animal sociality as well as for conservation, long term analysis of social networks of animal populations is still relatively uncommon. We investigated social network dynamics in males of a gregarious mountain ungulate (Alpine ibex, Capra ibex) over ten years focusing on groups, sub-groups and individuals, exploring the dynamics of sociality over different scales. Despite the social structure changing between seasons, the Alpine ibex population was highly cohesive: fission-fusion dynamics lead almost every male in the population to associate with each other male at least once. Nevertheless, we found that male Alpine ibex showed preferential associations that were maintained across seasons and years. Age seemed to be the most important factor driving preferential associations while other characteristics, such as social status, appeared less crucial. We also found that centrality measures were influenced by age and were also related to individual physical condition. The multi-scale and long-term frame of our study helped us show that ecological constrains, such as resource availability, may play a role in shaping associations in a gregarious species, but they cannot solely explain sociality and preferential association that are likely also to be driven by life-history linked physiological and social needs. Our results highlight the importance of long-term studies based on individually recognizable subjects to help us build on our understanding of the evolution of animal sociality.

scholarly journals Suburbanization and cultural change: the case of club cricket in Surrey, 1870–1939

Urban History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
DUNCAN STONE
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Small Group ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Competitive Sport ◽  
The South ◽  
Urban Core ◽  
The Social ◽  
Term Analysis

ABSTRACTThis article examines the social, economic and political origins of what was a new, distinctly elitist, culture of ‘non-competitive’ sport, and how these values, which emerged from a small group of metropolitan elites, spread throughout the south-east of England. It argues that a long-term analysis of sport provides a valuable contextual tool for urban historians. In this case, how the gradual adoption of a distinctly ‘metropolitan’ culture throughout Surrey, and the associated changes in the social structure and purpose of cricket, may contribute towards a more nuanced assessment of that county's ‘suburbanization’, and how this region interacted with the urban core.

scholarly journals Social survival: humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use social structure to partition ecological niches within proposed critical habitat

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janie Wray ◽  
Eric Keen ◽  
Éadin N. O’Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Fjord System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Niche

ABSTRACTAnimal culture and social bonds are relevant to wildlife conservation because they influence patterns of geography, behavior, and strategies of survival. Numerous examples of socially-driven habitat partitioning and ecological-niche specialization can be found among vertebrates, including toothed whales. But such social-ecological dynamics, described here as ‘social niche partitioning’, are not known among baleen whales, whose societies -- particularly on foraging grounds -- are largely perceived as unstructured and incidental to matters of habitat use and conservation. However, through 16 years of behavioral and photo-identification observations of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding within a fjord system in British Columbia, Canada, we have documented long-term pair bonds (lasting up to 12 years) as well as a complex societal structure, which corresponds closely to persistent patterns in feeding strategy, long-term site fidelity (extended seasonal occupancy and annual rate of return up to 75%), specific geographic preferences within the fjord system, and other forms of habitat use. Randomization tests of network congruency and clustering algorithms were used to test for overlap in patterns of social structure and habitat use, which confirmed the occurrence of social niche partitioning on the feeding grounds of this baleen whale. In addition, we document the extensive practice of group bubble net feeding in Pacific Canada. This coordinated feeding behavior was found to strongly mediate the social structure and habitat use within this humpback whale society. Additionally, during our 2004 – 2019 study, we observed a shift in social network structure in 2010 – 2012, which corresponded with environmental and demographic shifts including a sudden decline in the population’s calving rate. Our findings indicate that the social lives of humpback whales, and perhaps baleen whales generally, are more complex than previously supposed and should be a primary consideration in the assessment of potential impacts to important habitat.

scholarly journals Strategic Alliances & Customer Impact: A Case Study Of Community Hospitals

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Helen McSweeney-Feld ◽  
Suzanne Discenza ◽  
George L. De Feis
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Strategic Alliances ◽  
Strategic Alliance ◽  
Font Size ◽  
The Social ◽  
Formal Relationship ◽  
Alliance Partners ◽  
The Relationship

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN;" lang="EN"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">A s<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">trategic alliance</span> (SA) is a mutually beneficial long-term formal relationship formed between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon goals or to meet a critical business need while remaining independent organizations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>It is a synergistic arrangement whereby two or more organizations agree to cooperate in the carrying out of a business activity where each brings different strengths and capabilities to the arrangement.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>The social structure of alliances has been considered previously (Gulati 1995, et al.), so instead of discussing the social structure relative to alliance partners, this paper looks at the relationship between the dyad alliance entity and its customer(s).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This newer aspect is particularly important when there are differences in trust and culture to consider (Das &amp; Teng 1998) between alliance partners.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Other considerations include authority, governance and structure, conflict, and the make-up of the strategic alliance, its partners, and the customer(s).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span></span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 10pt;"></span></p>

Becoming a Merchant Adventurer

2020 ◽  
pp. 33-69
Author(s):  
Thomas Leng
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Settings ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Status

This chapter addresses recruitment to the Company of Merchant Adventurers, focusing on the institution of apprenticeship. As well as being the most common means to join the Company, apprenticeship was used to manage overseas trade, with apprentices commonly deployed as agents overseas. The chapter introduces the social settings of Company trade overseas—the mart towns—and their place in the merchant life-cycle. It considers the opportunities and challenges facing aspiring Merchant Adventurers in the mart towns as they sought to assume the status of independent merchant in their own households. It also identifies significant changes in the social structure of the mart towns, associated with rising numbers of long-term residents, which had the potential to divide the Company’s different residences in England and overseas.

Life After a Death: The Experience of Bereavement in South Wales

1994 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Pickard
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Special Position ◽  
Spouse Death ◽  
South Wales ◽  
The Social ◽  
Old Men ◽  
Female Networks ◽  
The Relationship

ABSTRACTThis paper looks at the experience of bereavement in old age in a South Wales locality and traces the immediate and long-term effects it has on the bereaved. It examines various categories of bereavement – death of spouse, death of the mother, death of a child, siblings and friends, with death of spouse as specially significant. In each category it closely relates the experience of bereavement to the nature of the relationship formerly maintained, arguing that the significance of bereavement can only be appreciated within the context of social structure which defines the meaning of these relationships. It suggests that the special position occupied by female networks in the social structure enables old women to cope with the effects of bereavement more successfully than old men. For both old men and old women however, the special position they occupy with respect to contemporary society gives death a particular and unique resonance.

scholarly journals Specialisation and plasticity in a primitively social insect

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Patalano ◽  
A. Alsina ◽  
C. Gregorio-Rodriguez ◽  
M. Bachman ◽  
S. Dreier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Social Insect ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Biological Systems ◽  
List Type ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
The Social

AbstractBiological systems not only have the remarkable capacity to build and maintain complex spatio-temporal structures in noisy environments, they can also rapidly break up and rebuild such structures. How such systems can simultaneously achieve both robust specialisation and plasticity is poorly understood. Here we use primitive societies of Polistes wasps as a model system where we experimentally perturb the social structure by removing the queen and follow the re-establishment of the social steady state over time. We combine a unique experimental strategy correlating time-resolved measurements across vastly different scales with a theoretical approach. We show that Polistes integrates antagonistic processes on multiple scales to distinguish between extrinsic and intrinsic perturbations and thereby achieve both robust specialisation and rapid plasticity. The long-term stability of the social structure relies on dynamic DNA methylation which controls transcriptional noise. Such dynamics provide a general principle of how both specialization and plasticity can be achieved in biological systems.One Sentence SummaryA primitive social insect simultaneously achieves specialisation and plasticity by integrating antagonistic dynamics on different scales.HighlightsWe employ a unique experimental approach correlating dynamics of societies, individuals, and epigenetic gene regulationA social insect simultaneously achieves specialisation and plasticity by integrating antagonistic processes on different spatial scalesRegulation of population-level noise by DNA methylation ensures long-term stability of phenotypic specialisation

scholarly journals Social survival: Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) use social structure to partition ecological niches within proposed critical habitat

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. e0245409
Author(s):  
Janie Wray ◽  
Eric Keen ◽  
Éadin N. O’Mahony
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Use ◽  
Social Structure ◽  
Niche Partitioning ◽  
Megaptera Novaeangliae ◽  
Humpback Whales ◽  
Baleen Whales ◽  
Fjord System ◽  
The Social ◽  
Social Niche

Animal culture and social bonds are relevant to wildlife conservation because they influence patterns of geography, behavior, and strategies of survival. Numerous examples of socially-driven habitat partitioning and ecological-niche specialization can be found among vertebrates, including toothed whales. But such social-ecological dynamics, described here as ‘social niche partitioning’, are not known among baleen whales, whose societies—particularly on foraging grounds—are largely perceived as unstructured and incidental to matters of habitat use and conservation. However, through 16 years of behavioral observations and photo-identifications of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) feeding within a fjord system in the Canadian Pacific (primarily within Gitga’at First Nation waters), we have documented long-term pair bonds (up to 12 years) as well as a complex societal structure, which corresponds closely to persistent patterns in feeding strategy, long-term site fidelity (extended occupancy and annual rate of return up to 75%), specific geographic preferences within the fjord system, and other forms of habitat use. Randomization tests of network congruency and clustering algorithms were used to test for overlap in patterns of social structure and habitat use, which confirmed the occurrence of social niche partitioning on the feeding grounds of this baleen whale species. In addition, we document the extensive practice of group bubble net feeding in Pacific Canada. This coordinated feeding behavior was found to strongly mediate the social structure and habitat use within this humpback whale society. Additionally, during our 2004–2019 study, we observed a shift in social network structure in 2010–2012, which corresponded with environmental and demographic shifts including a sudden decline in the population’s calving rate. Our findings indicate that the social lives of humpback whales, and perhaps baleen whales generally, are more complex than previously supposed and should be a primary consideration in the assessment of potential impacts to important habitat.

‘A new & extraordinary service to be done to the state and Comonwealth of England’

2020 ◽  
pp. 202-227
Author(s):  
Thomas Leng
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
Discursive Traditions

This chapter considers the infamous Cokayne Project of 1614–17, whereby the Merchant Adventurers lost their privileges to a new company formed to convert the expert of semi-manufactured cloths with the fully finished product. It focuses on how the project was experienced by the Company and its members, as well as its long-term impact. The Cokayne Project is presented as an experiment in corporate commercial government which attempted to wed governed and free trade. As well as attracting outsiders, many Merchant Adventurers were drawn to its promise of breaking down corporate barriers between different markets. However, the project threatened the dissolution of the social structure of the Merchant Adventurers’ trade, leading to protests from the factors at Hamburg. Although these protests helped to keep alive the Company’s discursive traditions, the Cokayne Project presaged divisions within the Company’s ranks that would grow as the century went on.

Sociological Congruence and the Shaping of Recorded Jazz

Shaping Jazz ◽  
2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon J. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Social Structure ◽  
Common Point ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Social ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Point Of Reference

This introductory chapter explains that the book examines the early years of the market for jazz in order to understand why some tunes had long-term appeal while others did not, and how the market boundaries of jazz evolved as a part of this process. Using empirical puzzles and focusing mostly on the period 1917–1933, the book investigates why some songs are re-recorded by many musicians over time while others receive no such following. The book draws on sociological congruence as a mechanism to explain how the context of production affects the appeal of jazz recordings. It shows that jazz has been influenced by the social structure of the geography and producing organizations. A market for jazz could not have formed, flourished, and maintained legitimacy without a smaller set of tunes to serve as a common point of reference by musicians, record labels and companies, consumers, and critics.

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