scholarly journals Considering decoupled phenotypic diversification between ontogenetic phases in macroevolution: An example using Triggerfishes (Balistidae)

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Dornburg ◽  
Katerina Zapfe ◽  
Rachel Williams ◽  
Michael Alfaro ◽  
Richard Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Morphological Diversification ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Phenotypic Diversification

Across the Tree of Life, most studies of phenotypic disparity and diversification have been restricted to adult organisms. However, many lineages have distinct ontogenetic phases that do not reflect the same traits as their adult forms. Non-adult disparity patterns are particularly important to consider for coastal ray-finned fishes, which often have juvenile phases with distinct phenotypes. These juvenile forms are often associated with sheltered nursery environments, with phenotypic shifts between adults and juvenile stages that are readily apparent in locomotor morphology. However, whether this ontogenetic variation in locomotor morphology reflects a decoupling of diversification dynamics between life stages remains unknown. Here we investigate the evolutionary dynamics of locomotor morphology between adult and juvenile triggerfishes. Integrating a time-calibrated phylogenetic framework with geometric morphometric approaches and measurement data of fin aspect ratio and incidence, we reveal a mismatch between morphospace occupancy, the evolution of morphological disparity, and the tempo of trait evolution between life stages. Collectively, our results illuminate how the heterogeneity of morpho-functional adaptations can decouple the mode and tempo of morphological diversification between ontogenetic stages.

The future of research with carnivorous plants

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Ellison ◽  
Lubomír Adamec
Keyword(s):  
Natural Selection ◽  
Population Biology ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Species Concept ◽  
Intraspecific Variability ◽  
Carnivorous Plants ◽  
Assisted Migration ◽  
Transcriptomic Data ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework

The material presented in the chapters of Carnivorous Plants: Physiology, Ecology, and Evolution together provide a suite of common themes that could provide a framework for increasing progress in understanding carnivorous plants. All speciose genera would benefit from more robust, intra-generic classifications in a phylogenetic framework that uses a unified species concept. As more genomic, proteomic, and transcriptomic data accrue, new insights will emerge regarding trap biochemistry and regulation; interactions with commensals; and the importance of intraspecific variability on which natural selection works. Continued elaboration of field experiments will provide new insights into basic physiology; population biology; plant-animal and plant-microbe relationships; and evolutionary dynamics, all of which will aid conservation efforts and contribute to discussions of assisted migration as the climate continues to change.

Distribution and life history of caridean shrimps in regulated lowland rivers in southern Australia

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 295 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Richardson ◽  
J. E. Growns ◽  
R. A. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
Lowland Rivers ◽  
Flow Alteration ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
History Of ◽  
Paratya Australiensis ◽  
Juvenile Stages ◽  
Shrimp Abundance ◽  
Large Adult

Caridean shrimps are an integral component of lowland river ecosystems in south-eastern Australia, but their distributions may be affected by flow alteration. Monthly shrimp samples were collected from slackwaters in three hydrologically distinct sections of the heavily regulated Campaspe River and the less regulated Broken River for three consecutive years. The distributions of Paratya australiensis, Caridina mccullochi and Macrobrachium australiense, along with their life history in river sections with different hydrology are outlined. Paratya australiensis and M. australiense occurred in all sections, but C. mccullochi was absent from sections of the Campaspe River that received irrigation flows during summer/autumn. Shrimp larvae were most abundant in summer (December–February) and juvenile recruitment continued through to mid autumn (April). Breeding and recruitment of P. australiensis occurred for longer than other shrimps. Apart from large adult and berried M. australiense, all life stages of shrimps commonly occurred in slackwaters, particularly the larval and juvenile stages. Irrigation flows in summer/autumn probably adversely affect the size, extent and arrangement of slackwaters, at a time when they may be critical habitats for C. mccullochi larval development and recruitment. Dams and weirs in the Campaspe River may have influenced shrimp abundance and the timing of breeding.

Adaptive Diversification Due to Resource Competition in Asexual Models

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Doebeli
Keyword(s):  
Resource Selection ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Resource Competition ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Character Displacement ◽  
Adaptive Diversification ◽  
Ecological Character ◽  
Ecological Character Displacement ◽  
Phenotypic Diversification ◽  
Established Species

This chapter focuses on evolutionary branching in niche position due to frequency-dependent competition. When the majority phenotype of a population is competing for one type of resource, selection may favor minority phenotypes that consume different types of resources, which could result in phenotypic differentiation and divergence. The idea of divergence due to competition is also the basis for the well-known concept of ecological character displacement, although here the focus is not so much on the origin of diversity arising in a single species, but rather on the evolutionary dynamics of existing diversity between different and already established species. Ecological character displacement embodies the possibility that competition between species can drive divergence in characters determining resource use. However, there are alternative evolutionary scenarios for phenotypic diversification. In the context of resource competition, one such alternative is that individuals diversify their diet by evolving a wider niche.

scholarly journals Birth, School, Work, Death, and Resurrection: The Life Stages and Dynamics of Transposable Element Proliferation

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin P. Blumenstiel
Keyword(s):  
Transposable Elements ◽  
Transposable Element ◽  
Horizontal Transfer ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Strategies ◽  
Species Boundaries ◽  
Life Stages ◽  
School Work

Transposable elements (TEs) can be maintained in sexually reproducing species even if they are harmful. However, the evolutionary strategies that TEs employ during proliferation can modulate their impact. In this review, I outline the different life stages of a TE lineage, from birth to proliferation to extinction. Through their interactions with the host, TEs can exploit diverse strategies that range from long-term coexistence to recurrent movement across species boundaries by horizontal transfer. TEs can also engage in a poorly understood phenomenon of TE resurrection, where TE lineages can apparently go extinct, only to proliferate again. By determining how this is possible, we may obtain new insights into the evolutionary dynamics of TEs and how they shape the genomes of their hosts.

scholarly journals Making Space for Permanent Molars in Growing Baboon (Papio anubis) and Great Ape (Pan paniscus and P. troglodytes) Mandibles: Possible Ontogenetic Strategies and Solutions

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia C. Boughner
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Pan Paniscus ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Linear Measurement ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Papio Anubis ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Permanent Molar ◽  
Permanent Molars ◽  
Molar Morphology

While mandible proportions do not appear to constrain permanent molar initiation times, how adequate space is created in the corpus for these teeth in a timely way is not well understood. This question is important for explaining how primate tooth and jaw development and evolution are coordinated. Landmark and linear measurement data were used to characterize mandible shape, growth trajectory, and growth rate between two genera, Papio and Pan, with contrasting permanent molar initiation schedules and mandible proportions. 3D geometric morphometric and 2D bivariate analyses showed genus-level differences in mandible morphology from birth that were amplified by different postnatal growth trajectories. Different corpus proportions and regional variation in corpus growth rates helped create space in a timely way for the molars. Regional corpus growth rates may evolve alongside permanent molar morphology and developmental timing to modify space available in the corpus for these teeth.

scholarly journals Life-history specialization was not an evolutionary dead-end in Pyrenean cave beetles

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1781) ◽  
pp. 20132978 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra Cieslak ◽  
Javier Fresneda ◽  
Ignacio Ribera
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Phenotypic Changes ◽  
Dead End ◽  
Single Transition ◽  
Colonization Process ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Complex Characters

Research on subterranean organisms has focused on the colonization process and some of the associated phenotypic changes, but little is known on the long-term evolutionary dynamics of subterranean lineages and the origin of some highly specialized complex characters. One of the most extreme modifications is the reduction of the number of larval instars in some Leptodirini beetles from the ancestral 3 to 2 and ultimately a single instar. This reduction is usually assumed to have occurred independently multiple times within the same lineage and geographical area, but its evolution has never been studied in a phylogenetic framework. Using a comprehensive molecular phylogeny, we found a low number of independent origins of the reduction in the number of instars, with a single transition, dated to the Oligocene–Miocene, from 3 to 2 and then 1 instar in the Pyrenees, the best-studied area. In the Pyrenees, the 1-instar lineage had a diversification rate (0.22 diversification events per lineage per million years) significantly higher than that of 3- or 2-instar lineages (0.10), and similar to that seen in other Coleopteran radiations. Far from being evolutionary dead-ends, ancient lineages fully adapted to subterranean life seem able to persist and diversify over long evolutionary periods.

Allometry and morphological integration in the skull of Tupinambis merianae (Lacertilia: Teiidae)

1997 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leandro R. Monteiro ◽  
Augusto S. Abe
Keyword(s):  
Anterior Extremity ◽  
Shape Change ◽  
Morphological Integration ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Ontogenetic Variation ◽  
Temporal Region ◽  
Geometric Morphometric ◽  
Adductor Muscles ◽  
Tupinambis Merianae ◽  
Cranial Kinesis

AbstractThe morphogenetic processes acting in the skull of the lizard Tupinambis merianae were investigated by geometric morphometric techniques. The observed ontogenetic shape change involved a widening of the anterior extremity, stretching and narrowing of the midface, narrowing of the braincase, orbital reduction and elongation of the temporal region (origin of jaw adductor muscles). This change occurred mostly in a localized way in certain cranial regions. The major components identified were: rostrum, midface, dermal elements of braincase (functionally influenced) and endochondral elements of braincase (embryologically influenced). The growth patterns lead to an increased robustness of the skull (particularly the anterior extremity) and a reduction of cranial kinesis. These changes, together with the ontogenetic variation in dentition aid in the ontogenetic variation observed in the diet of these animals, which shift from carnivory to omnivory.

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