scholarly journals Principles of Computer Numerical Controlled Machining Applied to Cranial Microsurgery

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leila Ghanbari ◽  
Mathew Rynes ◽  
Jay Jia Hu ◽  
Daniel Sousa Shulman ◽  
Gregory Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Surface Profiling ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Cnc Programming ◽  
Contact Sensor ◽  
Force Contact ◽  
Programming Software ◽  
Cranial Implants ◽  
Micrometer Scale ◽  
The Brain

ABSTRACTOver the last decade, a plethora of tools have been developed for neuroscientists to interface with the brain. Implementing these tools requires precise removal of sections of the skull to access the brain. These delicate cranial microsurgical procedures need to be performed on sub-millimeter thick bone without damaging the underlying tissue and therefore, require significant training. Automating some of these procedures would not only enable more precise microsurgical operations, but also democratize use of advanced neurotechnologies. Here, we describe the ‘Craniobot’, a cranial microsurgery platform that combines automated skull surface profiling with a computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine to perform a variety of cranial microsurgical procedures in mice. The Craniobot utilizes a low force contact sensor to profile the skull surface and uses this information to perform micrometer-scale precise milling operations within minutes. We have used the Craniobot to drill pilot holes to anchor cranial implants, perform skull thinning, and open small to large craniotomies. The Craniobot is built using off-the-shelf components for under $1000 and is controlled using open-source CNC programming software.

Principles of Computer Numerical Control Applied to Small Research Animal Surgical Procedures

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Rynes ◽  
Leila Ghanbari ◽  
Jay Jia Hu ◽  
Daniel Sousa Schulman ◽  
Gregory Johnson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Control ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Surface Profiling ◽  
Cnc Milling Machine ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Tissue Removal ◽  
Removal Processes ◽  
Cranial Implants ◽  
Tools And Techniques

The tools and techniques available for systems neuroscientists for neural recording and stimulation during behavior have become plentiful in the last decade. The tools for implementing these techniques in vivo, however, have not advanced respectively. The use of these techniques requires the removal of sections of skull tissue without damaging the underlying tissue, which is a very delicate procedure requiring significant training. Automating a part of the tissue removal processes would potentially enable more precise procedures to be performed, and it could democratize these procedres for widespread adoption by neuroscience lab groups. Here, we describe the ‘Craniobot’, a microsurgery platform that combines automated skull surface profiling with a computer numerical controlled (CNC) milling machine to perform a variety of microsurgical procedures in mice. Surface profiling by the Craniobot has micrometer precision, and the surface profiling information can be used to perform milling operations with relatively quick, allowing high throughput. We have used the Craniobot to perform skull thinning, small to large craniotomies, as well as drilling pilot holes for anchoring cranial implants. The Craniobot is implemented using open source and customizable machining practices and can be built with of the shelf parts for under $1000.

scholarly journals Reconstructing micrometer-scale fiber pathways in the brain: Multi-contrast optical coherence tomography based tractography

NeuroImage ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 984-992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Wang ◽  
Adam J. Black ◽  
Junfeng Zhu ◽  
Tyler W. Stigen ◽  
Muhammad K. Al-Qaisi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Coherence Tomography ◽  
Optical Coherence ◽  
Micrometer Scale ◽  
The Brain

Optimal Rough Machining of Sculptured Parts on a CNC Milling Machine

1993 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Dong ◽  
H. Li ◽  
G. W. Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Production Costs ◽  
Depth Of Cut ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Rough Machining ◽  
Machining Time ◽  
Tool Paths ◽  
Cnc Milling Machine ◽  
Cnc Programming ◽  
Sculptured Parts ◽  
Optimal Approach

An optimal approach to the rough machining of sculptured parts with least machining time is presented. The contour map cutting method is used to generate CNC tool paths based on the CAD model of sculptured parts. The part and stock geometry related parameters, including the number of cutting layers and the distributions of cutting depth, and the process parameters of feed rate and depth of cut, are optimized. The method can automate CNC programming for sculptured part rough machining, considerably improve productivity, and lower production costs. Two examples are used to illustrate the approach and its advantages.

scholarly journals A time-dependent diffusion MRI signature of axon caliber variations and beading

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong-Hsi Lee ◽  
Antonios Papaioannou ◽  
Sung-Lyoung Kim ◽  
Dmitry S. Novikov ◽  
Els Fieremans
Keyword(s):  
Time Dependence ◽  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
3 Dimensional ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Brain White Matter ◽  
Cell Dimensions ◽  
Micrometer Scale ◽  
Exciting Possibility ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMRI provides a unique non-invasive window into the brain, yet is limited to millimeter resolution, orders of magnitude coarser than cell dimensions. Here, we show that diffusion MRI is sensitive to the micrometer-scale variations in axon caliber or pathological beading, by identifying a signature power-law diffusion time-dependence of the along-fiber diffusion coefficient. We observe this signature in human brain white matter and identify its origins by Monte Carlo simulations in realistic substrates from 3-dimensional electron microscopy of mouse corpus callosum. Simulations reveal that the time-dependence originates from axon caliber variation, rather than from mitochondria or axonal undulations. We report a decreased amplitude of time-dependence in multiple sclerosis lesions, illustrating the potential sensitivity of our method to axonal beading in a plethora of neurodegenerative disorders. This specificity to microstructure offers an exciting possibility of bridging across scales to image cellular-level pathology with a clinically feasible MRI technique.

A Knowledge-Based Model for Capturing and Managing the Knowledge of CNC Operators for Integrating CAM-CNC Operation

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 575-586 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wikan Sakarinto ◽  
◽  
Hiroshi Narazaki ◽  
Keiichi Shirase ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Tool Wear ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Product Data ◽  
Know How ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Milling Operations

This study is aimed at filling the gap between CAM and CNC operations. The problem is important in practice but has been rarely addressed in the resarch community. In practice, the machining parameters designed by a CAM operator are not always applicable to the machining process by a CNC operator due to several reasons such as tool wear, in-availability, inefficiency, etc. This is mainly due to the discrepancy of knowledge between CAM and CNC operators. To deal with this situation, this study proposes a knowledgebased model for capturing the know-how of CNC operators in the assessment of the product data (CAM files) produced by CAM operators. The assessment determines whether the designed machining parameters are appropriate or not before proceeding further to the machining process. This assessment is the main process where the know-how of a CNC operator is actualized. Based on the data extracted from CAM files, this study discusses a method that captures the knowledge of CNC operators in the process of an assessment. In this work, the discussion is focused on common CNC milling operations.

A CNC Parametric Programming Method for Manufacturing of Axisymmetric Mould Cavities

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Sotiris L. Omirou
Keyword(s):  
Plane Curve ◽  
Parametric Programming ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Programming Technique ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Programming Tool ◽  
Milling Machines ◽  
Cnc Programming ◽  
G Code ◽  
Tool Motion

AbstractThis paper presents a convenient and an easy to use manufacturing method for parts with axisymmetric geometry on CNC milling machines. The desired form of the cavities is achieved by selecting as generatrix curve any plane curve, implicitly or parametrically defined, which fulfills specific imposed by the user criteria (functional, aesthetic or other). Each machining pass is modelled as a path composed of generatrix curve segments and semicircular arcs. The surface quality is controlled by keeping the distance between successive scallops within a programmed value. Tool motion along the desired paths is generated by G-code algorithms that exploit the parametric programming technique, a powerful CNC programming tool. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulation tests for three representative curves.

Application of Automated Context-Based DSS for Determining CNC Machining Parameter

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 765-774
Author(s):  
Wikan Sakarinto ◽  
◽  
Setyawan Bekti Wibowo ◽  
Hiroshi Narazaki ◽  
Keiichi Shirase ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cnc Machining ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Workpiece Material ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Fundamental Information ◽  
To Come ◽  
Parameter Values ◽  
Use Of Knowledge ◽  
Machining Parameter

This paper describes the implementation of proposed KBS automatically aware of context or constraints in which the user has to deal with to come up with intelligent DSS. Context is a fundamental information resource that has to do closely with the use of knowledge. The proposedKBS is equipped with the Expert System (ES) providing Decision Support System (DSS), aimed for realizing effective utilization of captured CNC operator knowledge when they assess machining parameters within product data. The newest module in the proposed KBS is equipped with automated contextbased DSS constructed from incoming task restraints and other related machining aspects, such as machining parameter values, cutting tool, workpiece material, etc. In this work, the discussions are focussing on CNC milling operations. According to the implementation result, CNC operators have shown enhanced accuracy on defining machining parameter values with respect to specific constraints.

scholarly journals The Optimization of Machining Parameters for Milling Operations by Using the Nelder–Mead Simplex Method

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Yubin Lee ◽  
Alin Resiga ◽  
Sung Yi ◽  
Chien Wern
Keyword(s):  
Simplex Method ◽  
Surface Characteristics ◽  
Initial Guess ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Machining Process ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Machining Parameters ◽  
Cnc Milling ◽  
Milling Operations ◽  
Machining Operations

The purpose of machining operations is to make specific shapes or surface characteristics for a product. Conditions for machining operations were traditionally selected based on geometry and surface finish requirements. However, nowadays, many researchers are optimizing machining parameters since high-quality products can be produced using more expensive and advanced machines and tools. There are a few methods to optimize the machining process, such as minimizing unit production time or cost or maximizing profit. This research focused on maximizing the profit of computer numerical control (CNC) milling operations by optimizing machining parameters. Cutting speeds and feed are considered as the main process variables to maximize the profit of CNC milling operations as they have the greatest effect on machining operation. In this research, the Nelder–Mead simplex method was used to maximize the profit of CNC milling processes by optimizing machining parameters. The Nelder–Mead simplex method was used to calculate best, worst, and second-worst value based on an initial guess. The possible range of machining parameters was limited by several constraints. The Nelder–Mead simplex method yielded a profit of 3.45 ($/min) when applied to a commonly used case study model.

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