scholarly journals The spectral identity of foveal cones is preserved in hue perception

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian P. Schmidt ◽  
Alexandra E. Boehm ◽  
Katharina G. Foote ◽  
Austin Roorda
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Parvocellular Pathway ◽  
New Information ◽  
Cone Type ◽  
Spectral Identity ◽  
Intensity Saturation ◽  
Prior Experiences

AbstractOrganisms are faced with the challenge of making inferences about the physical world from incomplete incoming sensory information. One strategy to combat ambiguity in this process is to combine new information with prior experiences. We investigated the strategy of combining these information sources in color vision. Single cones in human subjects were stimulated and the associated percepts were recorded. Subjects rated each flash for brightness, hue and saturation. Brightness ratings were proportional to stimulus intensity. Saturation was independent of intensity, but varied between cones. Hue, in contrast, was assigned in a stereotyped manner that was predicted by cone type. These experiments revealed that, near the fovea, long (L) and middle (M) wavelength sensitive cones produce sensations that can be reliably distinguished on the basis of hue, but not saturation or brightness. Taken together, these observations implicate the high-resolution, color-opponent parvocellular pathway in this low-level visual task.

RAILROAD INVESTING AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING INFORMATION IN 1880s AMERICA

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel E. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Accounting Information ◽  
The United States ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Wall Street ◽  
New Information ◽  
Other Information ◽  
Comprehensive Search ◽  
The Wall Street Journal

This study has a two-fold purpose. First, it seeks to determine the importance of financial accounting information to railroad investors (and speculators) in 1880s America. Second, a further goal is to ascertain what financial accounting information was readily available for use by these investors. Based on a comprehensive search of books of the era, the 1880s were a time of expanding advice for railroad securities holders that required the use of financial accounting information. Furthermore, new information sources arose to help service investors' needs. Statistics by Goodsell and The Wall Street Journal were two such sources. This article reviews these publications along with the ongoing Commercial and Financial Chronicle and Poor's Manual of the Railroads of the United States. Each of these sources helped railroad investors to follow contemporary advice of gathering financial accounting and other information when investing.

Trading accuracy for speed over the course of a decision

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerard Derosiere ◽  
David Thura ◽  
Paul Cisek ◽  
Julie Duqué
Keyword(s):  
Late Stage ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Unique Extension ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Performance Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Criterion ◽  
Speed Accuracy ◽  
Accuracy Tradeoff

Humans and other animals often need to balance the desire to gather sensory information (to make the best choice) with the urgency to act, facing a speed-accuracy tradeoff (SAT). Given the ubiquity of SAT across species, extensive research has been devoted to understanding the computational mechanisms allowing its regulation at different timescales, including from one context to another, and from one decision to another. However, animals must frequently change their SAT on even shorter timescales - i.e., over the course of an ongoing decision - and little is known about the mechanisms that allow such rapid adaptations. The present study aimed at addressing this issue. Human subjects performed a decision task with changing evidence. In this task, subjects received rewards for correct answers but incurred penalties for mistakes. An increase or a decrease in penalty occurring halfway through the trial promoted rapid SAT shifts, favoring speeded decisions either in the early or in the late stage of the trial. Importantly, these shifts were associated with stage-specific adjustments in the accuracy criterion exploited for committing to a choice. Those subjects who decreased the most their accuracy criterion at a given decision stage exhibited the highest gain in speed, but also the highest cost in terms of performance accuracy at that time. Altogether, the current findings offer a unique extension of previous work, by suggesting that dynamic changes in accuracy criterion allow the regulation of the SAT within the timescale of a single decision.

scholarly journals Wine tourist valuation of information sources: the role of prior travel

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 416-433 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erick T. Byrd ◽  
Bonnie Canziani ◽  
James S. Boles ◽  
Nicholas Carlton Williamson ◽  
Sevil Sonmez
Keyword(s):  
Bounded Rationality ◽  
Information Search ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Experiential Knowledge ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wine Tourism ◽  
New Information ◽  
The Us ◽  
Promotional Efforts ◽  
Use Of Information Sources

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine winery visitors’ use of information sources in making decisions regarding the choice of wineries to visit. Enrichment theory is used as a framework for determining how previous experience influences the decision on how much and what type of information individuals will use when planning a trip using wine tourism as the context for the research. Design/methodology/approach A visitor study was conducted at 23 wineries in the US Southeast. Data were collected from winery visitors using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Findings Results from 832 consumers indicate that an individual’s previous travel systematically influences the number and type of information sources that they will seek out when making future consumer decisions. Findings confirmed the hypothesized expectations about wine tourist information search behavior and help to partially explain the nature of bounded rationality in the case of tourists’ winery visit decisions. Research limitations/implications Because the study focused only on winery visitors in the US Southeast, the research results may lack generalizability. Practical implications These findings can assist winery owners and destinations with wineries in their promotional efforts. Of major importance is the finding that increases in experiential knowledge from prior travel are monotonically associated with increases in the number of information sources marked to be valuable in selecting a winery. The influence of experience is particularly dramatic in that the mean number of information sources marked to be valuable moves from a low of 2.5 to a high of 10.0 out of 16 as travel experience increases. Originality/value The study contributed significant and useful findings that advance the application of enrichment theory to wine tourism. Enrichment theory does not currently differentiate between types of knowledge that enrich a consumer’s ability to more easily encode and use new information. The current study confirms that experiential knowledge is an important knowledge construct in models of bounded rationality.

Model Mediated Telemanipulation

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Probal Mitra ◽  
Gu¨nter Niemeyer
Keyword(s):  
Force Feedback ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Virtual Model ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Natural Motion ◽  
New Information ◽  
Remote Environment ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Master Device

A telemanipulation system allows a human user to manipulate a remote environment using a local interface (master robot) to control a remote (slave) robot. In doing so, it is desirable to provide users with appropriate sensory feedback, most often taking the form of visual and force information. In the presence of communication delays, however, a force feedback telemanipulation system must overcome detrimental effects caused by the delay, both on the quality of feedback to the user and the stability of the control system. For large delays, like those experienced in space telerobotics, the user's perceptive abilities are distorted and challenged by the lag between action and response. With this paper, a user-centered approach is proposed which seeks to simultaneously provide stable master-slave interaction as well as a natural user experience, tolerant of large delays. Rather than directly sending sensory information from the slave robot to the user, the goal is to use this information to create a real-time virtual model of the remote environment, which then serves as the user's interface. Maintaining a dynamic, virtual model locally at the master-side, the user is provided with immediate visual and haptic responses to his/her actions through the master device. At the remote site, the slave robot tracks the user's continuous and natural motion commands, while providing new information needed to update the virtual model. This method abstracts the data transmitted between the sites and creates greater delay tolerance. The basic principles of the approach are demonstrated on a simple one-degree of freedom telerobotic system, with a rigid, stationary slave environment.

Immersive Virtual Environments, Avatars, and Agents for Health

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun Joo (Grace) Ahn ◽  
Jesse Fox
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Immersive Virtual Environments ◽  
Treatment Regimens

Immersive virtual environments (IVEs) are systems comprised of digital devices that simulate multiple layers of sensory information so that users experience sight, sound, and even touch like they do in the physical world. Users are typically represented in these environments in the form of virtual humans and may interact with other virtual representations such as health-care providers, coaches, future selves, or treatment stimuli (e.g., phobia triggers, such as crowds of people or spiders). These virtual representations can be controlled by humans (avatars) or computers algorithms (agents). Embodying avatars and interacting with agents, patients can experience sensory-rich simulations in the virtual world that may be difficult or even impossible to experience in the physical world but are sufficiently real to influence health attitudes and behaviors. Avatars and agents are infinitely customizable to tailor virtual experiences at the individual level, and IVEs are able to transcend the spatial and temporal boundaries of the physical world. Although still preliminary, a growing number of studies demonstrate IVEs’ potential as a health promotion and therapy tool, complementing and enhancing current treatment regimens. Attempts to incorporate IVEs into treatments and intervention programs have been made in a number of areas, including physical activity, nutrition, rehabilitation, exposure therapy, and autism spectrum disorders. Although further development and research is necessary, the increasing availability of consumer-grade IVE systems may allow clinicians and patients to consider IVE treatment as a routine part of their regimen in the near future.

New Information Sources

2009 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
Debal C Kar
Keyword(s):  
Information Sources ◽  
New Information

scholarly journals Design e construção de nova interface para a BVS Psicologia (BVS-PSI Brasil) e a experiência de criação do protótipo da BVS ULAPSI: facilitando a vida de usuários

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Antonio Marcos Amorim
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Virtual Library ◽  
Short Term ◽  
New Information ◽  
Virtual Libraries ◽  
Administrative Professionals ◽  
Cooperative Activity

Relata-se a experiência de atualização da BVS Psicologia Brasil (http://www.bvs-psi.org.br/) e criação do protótipo da BVS ULAPSI (Biblioteca Virtual da União de Entidades Latino-Americanas de Psicologia), ocorrida em 2005, pela Biblioteca do Instituto de Psicologia da USP (SBD/IPUSP) como unidade gerenciadora, em parceria com a BIREME e o Fórum das Entidades Brasileiras de Psicologia. Discutiu-se o processo de adoção de ferramentas tecnológicas e outros aspectos relacionados sempre que uma Unidade de Informação intente tal empreitada. As novas tecnologias sejam da metodologia BIREME ou softwares proprietários permitiram maior flexibilidade na inclusão de novas fontes de informação. Os profissionais técnicos e os administradores devem realizar um trabalho cooperativo na tomada de decisões, considerando a rápida introdução de novas interfaces. Assim são evitados problemas no uso de ferramentas em uma assimilação e manutenção pela equipe responsável. Em curto prazo, os profissionais devem prever as dificuldades, pois é quando ocorre o lançamento de uma biblioteca virtual. Palavras-chave Biblioteca virtual; Tecnologias da informação; Bibliotecas especializadas (Psicologia); Usabilidade de interfaces; Cooperação técnica; Softwares (Avaliação). Abstract Reports the experience of Virtual Health Library Psychology’s update (BVS-PSI Brazil), and the building of BVS ULAPSI’s prototype (Virtual Health Library of the Union of Latin American Entities of Psychology), occurred in 2005. The institutions involved are the Library of de Institute of Psychology of São Paulo University (SBD/IP/USP) as Managing Unit in partnership with BIREME and Forum of Brazilian Entities of Psychology. It discusses the process of adoption of technological tools and other related aspects, whenever one of the information units intend to carry out such project. The new technologies, whether using BIREME’s methodology or proprietors softwares, allowed more flexibility in the inclusion of new information sources. The technical and administrative professionals must carry out a cooperative activity by taking decisions considering the fast introduction of new interfaces. Thus, problems in the use of tools, assimilation and maintenance from the part of the responsible team are prevented. In short term, professionals must foresee difficulties when the launching of a virtual library takes place. Key words Virtual libraries; Information technologies; Specialized libraries (Psychology); Interfaces’ usability; Technical cooperation; Softwares (Evaluation).

scholarly journals Measuring online social bubbles

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. e38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitar Nikolov ◽  
Diego F.M. Oliveira ◽  
Alessandro Flammini ◽  
Filippo Menczer
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Massive Datasets ◽  
Social Bias ◽  
New Information ◽  
Information Spread ◽  
Access Information ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Search Logs

Social media have become a prevalent channel to access information, spread ideas, and influence opinions. However, it has been suggested that social and algorithmic filtering may cause exposure to less diverse points of view. Here we quantitatively measure this kind of social bias at the collective level by mining a massive datasets of web clicks. Our analysis shows that collectively, people access information from a significantly narrower spectrum of sources through social media and email, compared to a search baseline. The significance of this finding for individual exposure is revealed by investigating the relationship between the diversity of information sources experienced by users at both the collective and individual levels in two datasets where individual users can be analyzed—Twitter posts and search logs. There is a strong correlation between collective and individual diversity, supporting the notion that when we use social media we find ourselves inside “social bubbles.” Our results could lead to a deeper understanding of how technology biases our exposure to new information.

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