scholarly journals The Membranous Labyrinth in vivo from high-resolution Temporal CT data

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisaya Tanioka
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Membranous Labyrinth ◽  
3D Images ◽  
Temporal Bone Ct ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Ct Data ◽  
Good Agreement

A prerequisite for the modeling and understanding of the inner ear mechanics needs the accurate created membranous labyrinth. I present a semi-automated methodology for accurate reconstruction of the membranous labyrinth in vivo from high-resolution temporal bone CT data of normal human subjects. I created the new technique which was combined with the segmentation methodology, transparent, thresholding, and opacity curve algorithms. This technique allowed the simultaneous multiple image creating without any overlapping regions in the inner ear has been developed. The reconstructed 3D images improved the membranous labyrinth geometry to realistically represent physiologic dimensions. These generated membranous structures were in good agreement with the published ones, while this approach was the most realistic in terms of the membranous labyrinth. The precise volume rendering depends on proprietary algorithms so that different results can be obtained, and the images appear qualitatively different. For each anatomical question, a different visualization technique should be used to obtain an optimal result. All scientists can create the membranous labyrinth in vivo in real time like a retinal camera.

Bronchoprotective and bronchodilatory effects of deep inspiration in rabbits subjected to bronchial challenge

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (6) ◽  
pp. 2511-2516 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Gunst ◽  
X. Shen ◽  
R. Ramchandani ◽  
R. S. Tepper
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Airway Responsiveness ◽  
Deep Inspiration ◽  
Contractile Apparatus ◽  
Airway Reactivity ◽  
Airway Response ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Airway Responses

The effect of deep inspiration (DI) on airway responsiveness differs in asthmatic and normal human subjects. The mechanism for the effects of DI on airway responsiveness in vivo has not been identified. To elucidate potential mechanisms, we compared the effects of DI imposed before or during induced bronchoconstriction on the airway response to methacholine (MCh) in rabbits. The changes in airway resistance in response to intravenous MCh were continuously monitored. DI depressed the maximum response to MCh when imposed before or during the MCh challenge; however, the inhibitory effect of DI was greater when imposed during bronchoconstriction. Because immature rabbits have greater airway reactivity than mature rabbits, we compared the effects of DI on their airway responses. No differences were observed. Our results suggest that the mechanisms by which DI inhibits airway responsiveness do not depend on prior activation of airway smooth muscle (ASM). These results are consistent with the possibility that reorganization of the contractile apparatus caused by stretch of ASM during DI contributes to depression of the airway response.

Platelet catecholamines and platelet function in normal human subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Wilson ◽  
C. C. T. Smith ◽  
B. N. C. Prichard ◽  
D. J. Betteridge
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Collagen Concentration ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
Local Release

1. We have used high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure plasma and platelet catecholamines in 24 normal subjects. 2. In the same subjects platelet function was assessed by measuring platelet aggregation in response to adenosine 5′-pyrophosphate, thrombin, adrenaline and collagen. Platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin was also examined. 3. Platelet noradrenaline showed a positive correlation with extent of aggregation induced by ‘low-dose’ collagen (1 μg/ml). No correlation was seen at the higher collagen concentration. 4. Platelet noradrenaline content also correlated with sensitivity of platelets to prostacyclin. High platelet noradrenaline concentrations appeared to result in decreased sensitivity to prostacyclin. 5. No other correlations were observed. 6. These data suggest that platelet noradrenaline rather than plasma levels may be involved in modifying platelet function in vivo. Local release of platelet catecholamines may affect the platelet/vessel wall interaction, the primary physiological step in platelet activation.

IN-VIVO ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS BY PIXE-μ-CT

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (01n02) ◽  
pp. 41-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. KAWAMURA ◽  
K. ISHII ◽  
H. YAMAZAKI ◽  
S. MATSUYAMA ◽  
Y. KIKUCHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Absorption Edge ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Projection Data ◽  
Elemental Distribution ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Ct Reconstruction ◽  
3D Images ◽  
X Ray

We have developed “micron-CT”, using micro-PIXE for in-vivo imaging. This system comprises an X-ray CCD camera (Hamamatsu photonics C8800X9) with high resolution (pixel size: 8×8 μm 2, number of pixels: 1000×1000) and an X-ray-point-source with a spot size of 1.5×1.5 μm 2 which is generated by irradiation of a microbeam on a pure metal target. Thus we can acquire projection data with high resolution. The sample is placed in a small diameter tube and is rotated by a stepping motor. The 3D images were reconstructed from the obtained projection data by using cone-beam CT reconstruction algorithm. X-ray spectra produced by heavy charged particle bombardment, exhibit a much smaller continuous background compared to electron bombardment. Therefore, X-rays produced by ion beam can be used as a monochromatic and low energy X-ray source. The feature is very effective to investigate small insects. Moreover we can get elemental distribution image of object by choosing appropriate characteristic X-rays corresponding to the absorption edge. On the other hand, the conventional X-ray CT, in which continuous X-rays are used, provides images of the electron density in the object. Using this system, we were able to get 3D images of a living ant's head with 6 μm spatial resolution. By using Fe - K -X-rays (6.40 keV) and Co - K -X-rays (6.93 keV), we can investigate the 3D distribution of Mn ( K -absorption edge = 6.54 keV) in an ant's head.

The appearance of compound cilia in the nasal mucosa of normal human subjects following acute, in Vivo exposure to sulfur dioxide

1987 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnny L. Carson ◽  
Albert M. Collier ◽  
Shih-chin Hu ◽  
Craig A. Smith ◽  
Paul Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sulfur Dioxide ◽  
Nasal Mucosa ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Human

Effects of an intravenous saline load on erythrocyte sodium transport in normal human subjects

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (6) ◽  
pp. 709-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Boero ◽  
Francesco Quarello ◽  
Cesare Guarena ◽  
Clelia Rosati ◽  
Giuseppe Piccoli
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Transport ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Extracellular Fluid ◽  
Saline Infusion ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Percentage Decrease ◽  
Intravenous Saline ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium

1. The effects of a 2 litre intravenous infusion of saline (0.9% NaCl solution) over 3 h on erythrocyte transmembrane sodium transport were studied in 12 normal human subjects. 2. After saline infusion a significant (P < 0.01) reduction of both outward Na+, K+ pump- and Na+, K+ cotransport-mediated Na+ effluxes was observed. The Na+, Li+ countertransport rate and the passive Na+ permeability did not change. 3. The incubation of the subjects' erythrocytes, obtained on a separate occasion, with their own plasma taken after the saline infusion, induced an inhibition of both Na+, K+ pump and Na+, K+ cotransport outward sodium fluxes. The percentage decrease after incubation was closely correlated with the percentage reduction induced by the saline infusion in vivo (r = 0.93 for the pump and r = 0.96 for cotransport; P < 0.01). 4. These data suggest that extracellular fluid volume expansion affects the release of circulating factors modulating sodium transport by the Na+, K+ pump and by Na+, K+ cotransport.

scholarly journals Lactitol, a new hydrogenated lactose derivative: intestinal absorption and laxative threshold in normal human subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dharmaraj H. Patil ◽  
George K. Grimble ◽  
David B. A. Silk
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Maximum Dose ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Perfusion Technique ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Jejunal Perfusion

1. In the first part of the study, the absorption of lactitol, a new disaccharide analogue of lactose, was studied using an in vivo jejunal perfusion technique in man. Intestinal uptake of lactitol from isotonic solutions containing 10, 30, 60, and 100 mmol lactitol/l was insignificant.2. In the second part of the study the laxative threshold of lactitol was determined and compared with that of sorbitol in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study on twenty-one normal subjects. Laxative threshold was considered to be either the maximum dose tolerated without unacceptable diarrhoea or gastrointestinal side effects, or when the maximum dose in the study was reached. Increasing amounts of lactitol, sorbitol or placebo were administered in two divided doses each day until subjects developed diarrhoea or severe gastrointestinal side effects. The laxative threshold of lactitol (74 (SE 5) g/d) was similar to that of sorbitol (71 (SE 5) g/d).3. These findings indicate that lactitol is not absorbed by the human small intestine. Although diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal side effects occurred as the dose was increased, 40 g lactitol/d was well tolerated.

scholarly journals Experimental Fusion of Contrast Enhanced High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging and High-Resolution Micro-Computed Tomography in Imaging the Mouse Inner Ear

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen Counter S ◽  
Peter Damberg ◽  
Sahar Nikkhou Aski ◽  
Kálmán Nagy ◽  
Cecilia Engmér Berglin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Inner Ear ◽  
High Field ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Vestibular Apparatus ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Micro Computed Tomography ◽  
Ultra High Field

Objective: Imaging cochlear, vestibular, and 8th cranial nerve abnormalities remains a challenge. In this study, the membranous and osseous labyrinths of the wild type mouse inner ear were examined using volumetric data from ultra high-field magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with gadolinium contrast at 9.4 Tesla and high-resolution micro-computed tomography (µCT) to visualize the scalae and vestibular apparatus, and to establish imaging protocols and parameters for comparative analysis of the normal and mutant mouse inner ear. Methods: For in vivo MRI acquisition, animals were placed in a Milleped coil situated in the isocenter of a horizontal 9.4 T Varian magnet. For µCT examination, cone beam scans were performed ex vivo following MRI using the µCT component of a nanoScan PET/CT in vivo scanner. Results: The fusion of Gd enhanced high field MRI and high-resolution µCT scans revealed the dynamic membranous labyrinth of the perilymphatic fluid filled scala tympani and scala vestibule of the cochlea, and semicircular canals of the vestibular apparatus, within the µCT visualized contours of the contiguous osseous labyrinth. The ex vivo µCT segmentation revealed the surface contours and structural morphology of each cochlea turn and the semicircular canals in 3 planes. Conclusions: The fusion of ultra high-field MRI and high-resolution µCT imaging techniques were complementary, and provided high-resolution dynamic and static visualization of the complex morphological features of the normal mouse inner ear structures, which may offer a valuable approach for the investigation of cochlear and vestibular abnormalities that are associated with birth defects related to genetic inner ear disorders in humans.

scholarly journals GENETICS OF SOMATIC MAMMALIAN CELLS

1958 ◽  
Vol 108 (6) ◽  
pp. 945-956 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodore T. Puck ◽  
Steven J. Cieciura ◽  
Arthur Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Mammalian Cells ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Active Growth ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Normal Human

A methodology designed to eliminate mitotic inhibitor action and involving use of pretested fetal calf serum and careful pH and temperature control has been described by which cells from normal human and animal tissue can be maintained in active growth for long periods in vitro without development of aneuploidy. By means of this procedure, it is possible reliably to establish cell cultures from minute skin biopsies which can be taken from any individual. Clones of mammalian cells with chromosomal markers have been isolated by this means from x-irradiated non-irradiated cell cultures. Application of these techniques to chromosome delineation in large numbers of human subjects; determination of chromosomal sex in patients; spontaneuos and induced genetic changes in somatic mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro; comparison of metabolic differences between normal and cancerous cells and other problems have been indicated.

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